HIMANSHU

"Carbon & It"s Compounds"

2008-10-12T22:52:00.000-07:00

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Carbo
For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation).
6 boron ← carbon → nitrogen
-
↑
C
↓
Si
Periodic table - Extended periodic table
General
Name, symbol, number carbon, C, 6
Chemical series nonmetals
Group, period, block 14, 2, p
Appearance black (graphite)
colorless (diamond)
Standard atomic weight 12.0107(8) g·mol−1
Electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell 2, 4
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) (graphite) 1.9-2.3[1] g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.) (diamond) 3.5-3.53[1] g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.) (fullerene) 1.69[1] g·cm−3
Heat of fusion (graphite) ? 100 kJ·mol−1
Heat of fusion (diamond) ? 120 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 715 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) (graphite)
8.517 J·mol−1·K−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) (diamond)
6.115 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure (graphite) P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 2839 3048 3289 3572 3908
Atomic properties
Crystal structure (graphite) hexagonal
Oxidation states 4, 3 [2], 2, 1 [3], 0, -1, -2, -3, -4[4]
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1086.5 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 2352.6 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 4620.5 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 70 pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 67 pm
Covalent radius 77 pm
Van der Waals radius 170 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity (graphite) 1.375*10-5 [5]Ω·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) (graphite)
(80–230) W·m−1·K−1
Thermal conductivity (300 K) (diamond)
(900–2320) W·m−1·K−1
Thermal diffusivity (300 K) (diamond)
(503–1300) mm²/s
Mohs hardness (graphite) 1-2 [6]
Mohs hardness (diamond) 10.0 [6]
CAS registry number 7440-44-0
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of carbon iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP

15
12C 98.9% 12C is stable with 6 neutrons
13C 1.1% 13C is stable with 7 neutrons
14C trace 5730 y beta- 0.156 14N
References
This box: view • talk • edit

Carbon (pronounced /kɑɹbən/) is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number is 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5700 years.[7] Carbon is one of the few elements known to man since antiquity.[8][9] The name "carbon" comes from Latin language carbo, coal, and, in some Romance languages, the word carbon can refer both to the element and to coal.

There are several allotropes of carbon of which the best known are graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon.[10] The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, diamond is highly transparent, while graphite is opaque and black. Diamond is among the hardest materials known, while graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper. Diamond has a very low electric conductivity, while graphite is a very good conductor. Also, diamond has the highest thermal conductivity of all known materials under normal conditions. All the allotropic forms are solids under normal conditions but graphite is the most thermodynamically stable.

All forms of carbon are highly stable, requiring high temperature to react even with oxygen. The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4, while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and other transition metal carbonyl complexes. The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones, dolomites and carbon dioxide, but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of coal, peat, oil and methane clathrates. Carbon forms more compounds than any other element, with almost ten million pure organic compounds described to date, which in turn are a tiny fraction of such compounds that are theoretically possible under standard conditions.[11]

Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. It is present in all known lifeforms, and in the human body, carbon is the second most abundant element by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen.[12] This abundance, together with the unique diversity of organic compounds and their unusual polymer-forming ability at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, make this element the chemical basis of all known life.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Characteristics
o 1.1 Allotropes
o 1.2 Occurrence
o 1.3 Isotopes
o 1.4 Formation in stars
o 1.5 Carbon cycle
* 2 Compounds
o 2.1 Inorganic compounds
o 2.2 Organic compounds
* 3 History and etymology
o 3.1 Applications
* 4 Production
o 4.1 Graphite Production
* 5 Precautions
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

[edit] Characteristics

The different forms or allotropes of carbon (see below) include the hardest naturally occurring substance, diamond, and also one of the softest known substances, graphite. Moreover, it has an affinity for bonding with other small atoms, including other carbon atoms, and is capable of forming multiple stable covalent bonds with such atoms. As a result, carbon is known to form nearly ten million different compounds; the large majority of all chemical compounds.[11] Carbon also has the highest melting and sublimation point of all elements.[citation needed] At atmospheric pressure it has no actual melting point as its triple point is at 10 MPa (100 bar) so it sublimates above 4000 K.[citation needed] Carbon sublimes in a carbon arc which has a temperature of about 5800K. Thus, irrespective of its allotropic form, carbon remains solid at higher temperatures than the highest melting point metals such as tungsten or rhenium. Although thermodynamically prone to oxidation, carbon resists oxidation more effectively than elements such as iron and copper that are weaker reducing agents at room temperature.
Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in structure.
Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in structure.

Carbon compounds form the basis of all life on Earth and the carbon-nitrogen cycle provides some of the energy produced by the Sun and other stars. Although it forms an extraordinary variety of compounds, most forms of carbon are comparatively unreactive under normal conditions. At standard temperature and pressure, it resists all but the strongest oxidizers. It does not react with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, chlorine or any alkalis. At elevated temperatures carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon oxides, and will reduce such metal oxides as iron oxide to the metal. This exothermic reaction is used in the iron and steel industry to control the carbon content of steel:
Fe3O4 + 4C(s) → 3Fe(s) + 4CO(g)
with sulfur to form carbon disulfide and with steam in the coal-gas reaction
C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g).
Carbon combines with some metals at high temperatures to form metallic carbides, such as the iron carbide cementite in steel, and tungsten carbide, widely used as an abrasive and for making hard tips for cutting tools.

The system of carbon allotropes spans a range of extremes:
Synthetic diamond nanorods are the hardest materials known. Graphite is one of the softest materials known.
Diamond is the ultimate abrasive. Graphite is a very good lubricant.
Diamond is an excellent electrical insulator. Graphite is a conductor of electricity.
Diamond is the best known thermal conductor Some forms of graphite are used for thermal insulation (i.e. firebreaks and heatshields)
Diamond is highly transparent. Graphite is opaque.
Diamond crystallizes in the cubic system. Graphite crystallizes in the hexagonal system.
Amorphous carbon is completely isotropic. Carbon nanotubes are among the most anisotropic materials ever produced.

[edit] Allotropes

Main article: Allotropes of carbon

Atomic carbon is a very short-lived species and therefore, carbon is stabilized in various multi-atomic structures with different molecular configurations called allotropes. The three relatively well-known allotropes of carbon are amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond. Once considered exotic, fullerenes are nowadays commonly synthesized and used in research; they include buckyballs,[13][14] carbon nanotubes,[15] carbon nanobuds[16] and nanofibers[17].[18] Several other exotic allotropes have also been discovered, such as aggregated diamond nanorods,[19] lonsdaleite,[20] glassy carbon,[21] carbon nanofoam[22] and linear acetylenic carbon.[23]

* The amorphous form, is an assortment of carbon atoms in a non-crystalline, irregular, glassy state, which is essentially graphite but not held in a crystalline macrostructure. It is present as a powder, and is the main constituent of substances such as charcoal, lampblack (soot) and activated carbon.

* At normal pressures carbon takes the form of graphite, in which each atom is bonded trigonally to three others in a plane composed of fused hexagonal rings, just like those in aromatic hydrocarbons. The resulting network is 2-dimensional, and the resulting flat sheets are stacked and loosely bonded through weak Van der Waals forces. This gives graphite its softness and its cleaving properties (the sheets slip easily past one another). Because of the delocalization of one of the outer electrons of each atom to form a π-cloud, graphite conducts electricity, but only in the plane of each covalently bonded sheet. This results in a lower bulk electrical conductivity for carbon than for most metals. The delocalization also accounts for the energetic stability of graphite over diamond at room temperature.

Some allotropes of carbon: a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d-f) fullerenes (C60, C540, C70); g) amorphous carbon; h) carbon nanotube.
Some allotropes of carbon: a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d-f) fullerenes (C60, C540, C70); g) amorphous carbon; h) carbon nanotube.

* At very high pressures carbon forms the more compact allotrope diamond, having nearly twice the density of graphite. Here, each atom is bonded tetrahedrally to four others, thus making a 3-dimensional network of puckered six-membered rings of atoms. Diamond has the same cubic structure as silicon and germanium and, thanks to the strength of the carbon-carbon bonds is the hardest naturally occurring substance in terms of resistance to scratching. Contrary to the popular belief that "diamonds are forever", they are in fact thermodynamically unstable under normal conditions and transform into graphite.[10] But due to a high activation energy barrier, the transition into graphite is so extremely slow at room temperature as to be unnoticeable.

* Under some conditions, carbon crystallizes as lonsdaleite. This form is similar to diamond but has a hexagonal crystal lattice.[20]

* Fullerenes have a graphite-like structure, but instead of purely hexagonal packing, they also contain pentagons (or even heptagons) of carbon atoms, which bend the sheet into spheres, ellipses or cylinders. The properties of fullerenes (split into buckyballs, buckytubes and nanobuds) have not yet been fully analyzed and represents an intense area of research in nanomaterials. The name "fullerene" is given after Richard Buckminster Fuller, developer of some geodesic domes,[citation needed] which resemble the structure of fullerenes. The buckyballs are fairly large molecules formed completely of carbon bonded trigonally, forming spheroids (the best-known and simplest is the soccerball-shaped structure C60 buckminsterfullerene).[13] Carbon nanotubes are structurally similar to buckyballs, except that each atom is bonded trigonally in a curved sheet that forms a hollow cylinder.[14][15] Nanobuds were first published in 2007 and are hybrid bucky tube/buckyball materials (buckyballs are covalently bonded to the outer wall of a nanotube) that combine the properties of both in a single structure.[16]

* Of the other discovered allotropes, aggregated diamond nanorods were synthesised in 2005 and are believed to be the hardest substance known yet.[24] Carbon nanofoam is a ferromagnetic allotrope discovered in 1997. It consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web, in which the atoms are bonded trigonally in six- and seven-membered rings. It is among the lightest known solids, with a density of about 2 kg/m³.[25] Similarly, glassy carbon contains a high proportion of closed porosity.[21] But unlike normal graphite, the graphitic layers are not stacked like pages in a book, but have a more random arrangement. Linear acetylenic carbon[23] has the chemical structure[26] -(C:::C)n- .Carbon in this modification is linear with sp orbital hybridisation, and is a polymer with alternating single and triple bonds. This type of carbyne is of considerable interest to nanotechnology as its Young's modulus is forty times that of the hardest known material - diamond.[27]

[edit] Occurrence
Graphite ore
Graphite ore
Raw diamond crystal.
Raw diamond crystal.

Carbon is the fourth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon is abundant in the Sun, stars, comets, and in the atmospheres of most planets. Some meteorites contain microscopic diamonds that were formed when the solar system was still a protoplanetary disk. Microscopic diamonds may also be formed by the intense pressure and high temperature at the sites of meteorite impacts.[28]
"Present day" (1990s) sea surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (from the GLODAP climatology)
"Present day" (1990s) sea surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (from the GLODAP climatology)

In combination with oxygen in carbon dioxide, carbon is found in the Earth's atmosphere (in quantities of approximately 810 gigatonnes) and dissolved in all water bodies (approximately 36000 gigatonnes). Around 1900 gigatonnes are present in the biosphere. Hydrocarbons (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas) contain carbon as well — coal "reserves" (not "resources") amount to around 900 gigatonnes, and oil reserves around 150 gigatonnes. With smaller amounts of calcium, magnesium, and iron, carbon is a major component of very large masses carbonate rock (limestone, dolomite, marble etc.).

Coal is a significant commercial source of mineral carbon; anthracite containing 92-98% carbon[citation needed] and the largest source (4000 Gt, or 80% of coal, gas and oil reserves) of carbon in a form suitable for use as fuel.[29]

Graphite is found in large quantities in New York and Texas, the United States, Russia, Mexico, Greenland, and India.

Natural diamonds occur in the rock kimberlite, found in ancient volcanic "necks," or "pipes". Most diamond deposits are in Africa, notably in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, the Republic of the Congo, and Sierra Leone. There are also deposits in Arkansas, Canada, the Russian Arctic, Brazil and in Northern and Western Australia.

Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. However, though diamonds are found naturally, about 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now made synthetically.

According to studies from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an estimate of the global carbon budget is:[citation needed]
Biosphere, oceans, atmosphere
0.45 x 1018 kilograms (3.7 x 1018 moles)
Crust
Organic carbon 13.2 x 1018 kg
Carbonates 62.4 x 1018 kg
Mantle
1200 x 1018 kg

Carbon-14 is formed in upper layers of the troposphere and the stratosphere, at altitudes of 9–15 km, by a reaction that is precipitated by cosmic rays. Thermal neutrons are produced that collide with the nuclei of nitrogen-14, forming carbon-14 and a proton.

[edit] Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of carbon

Isotopes of carbon are atomic nuclei that contain six protons plus a number of neutrons (varying from 2 to 16). Carbon has two stable, naturally occurring isotopes.[7] The isotope carbon-12 (12C) forms 98.93% of the carbon on Earth, while carbon-13 (13C) forms the remaining 1.07%.[7] The concentration of 12C is further increased in biological materials because biochemical reactions discriminate against 13C.[30] In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights.[31] Identification of carbon in NMR experiments is done with the isotope 13C.

Carbon-14 (14C) is a naturally occurring radioisotope which occurs in trace amounts on Earth of up to 1 part per trillion (0.0000000001%), mostly confined to the atmosphere and superficial deposits, particularly of peat and other organic materials.[32] This isotope decays by 0.158 MeV β- emission. Because of its relatively short half-life of 5730 years, 14C is virtually absent in ancient rocks, but is created in the upper atmosphere (lower stratosphere and upper troposphere) by interaction of nitrogen with cosmic rays.[33] The abundance of 14C in the atmosphere and in living organisms is almost constant, but decreases predictably in their bodies after death. This principle is used in radiocarbon dating, invented in 1949, which has been used extensively to determine the age of carbonaceous materials with ages up to about 40,000 years.[34][35]

There are 15 known isotopes of carbon and the shortest-lived of these is 8C which decays through proton emission and alpha decay and has a half-life of 1.98739x10-21 s.[36] The exotic 19C exhibits a nuclear halo, which means its radius is appreciably larger than would be expected if the nucleus was a sphere of constant density.[37]

[edit] Formation in stars

Main articles: Triple-alpha process and CNO cycle

Formation of the carbon atomic nucleus requires a nearly simultaneous triple collision of alpha particles (helium nuclei) within the core of a giant or supergiant star. This happens in conditions of temperature and helium concentration that the rapid expansion and cooling of the early universe prohibited, and therefore no significant carbon was created during the Big Bang. Instead, the interiors of stars in the horizontal branch transform three helium nuclei into carbon by means of this triple-alpha process. In order to be available for formation of life as we know it, this carbon must then later be scattered into space as dust, in supernova explosions, as part of the material which later forms second- and third-generation star systems which have planets accreted from such dust. The Solar System is one such third-generation star system.

One of the fusion mechanisms powering stars is the carbon-nitrogen cycle.

Rotational transitions of various isotopic forms of carbon monoxide (e.g. 12CO, 13CO, and C18O) are detectable in the submillimeter regime, and are used in the study of newly forming stars in molecular clouds.

[edit] Carbon cycle

Main article: Carbon cycle

Diagram of the carbon cycle. The black numbers indicate how much carbon is stored in various reservoirs, in billions of tons ("GtC" stands for gigatons of carbon; figures are circa 2004). The purple numbers indicate how much carbon moves between reservoirs each year. The sediments, as defined in this diagram, do not include the ~70 million GtC of carbonate rock and kerogen.
Diagram of the carbon cycle. The black numbers indicate how much carbon is stored in various reservoirs, in billions of tons ("GtC" stands for gigatons of carbon; figures are circa 2004). The purple numbers indicate how much carbon moves between reservoirs each year. The sediments, as defined in this diagram, do not include the ~70 million GtC of carbonate rock and kerogen.

Under terrestrial conditions, conversion of one element to another is very rare. Therefore, the amount of carbon on Earth is effectively constant. Thus, processes that use carbon must obtain it somewhere and dispose of it somewhere else. The paths that carbon follows in the environment make up the carbon cycle. For example, plants draw carbon dioxide out of their environment and use it to build biomass, as in carbon respiration or the Calvin cycle, a process of carbon fixation. Some of this biomass is eaten by animals, whereas some carbon is exhaled by animals as carbon dioxide. The carbon cycle is considerably more complicated than this short loop; for example, some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the oceans; dead plant or animal matter may become petroleum or coal, which can burn with the release of carbon, should bacteria not consume it.

[edit] Compounds

[edit] Inorganic compounds

Main article: Compounds of carbon

Commonly carbon-containing compounds which are associated with minerals or which do not contain hydrogen or fluorine, are treated separately from classical organic compounds; however the definition is not rigid (see reference articles above). Among these are the simple oxides of carbon. The most prominent oxide is carbon dioxide (CO2). This was once the principal constituent of the paleoatmosphere, but is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere today.[38] Dissolved in water, it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3), but as most compounds with multiple single-bonded oxygens on a single carbon it is unstable.[citation needed] Through this intermediate, though, resonance-stabilized carbonate ions are produced. Some important minerals are carbonates, notably calcite. Carbon disulfide (CS2) is similar.

The other common oxide is carbon monoxide (CO). It is formed by incomplete combustion, and is a colorless, odorless gas. The molecules each contain a triple bond and are fairly polar, resulting in a tendency to bind permanently to hemoglobin molecules, displacing oxygen, which has a lower binding affinity.[39][40] Cyanide (CN–), has a similar structure, but behaves much like a halide ion (pseudohalogen). For example it can form the nitride cyanogen molecule ((CN)2), similar to diatomic halides. Other uncommon oxides are carbon suboxide (C3O2),[41] the unstable dicarbon monoxide (C2O),[42][43] and even carbon trioxide (CO3).[44][45]

With reactive metals, such as tungsten, carbon forms either carbides (C4–), or acetylides (C22–) to form alloys with high melting points. These anions are also associated with methane and acetylene, both very weak acids. With an electronegativity of 2.5,[46] carbon prefers to form covalent bonds. A few carbides are covalent lattices, like carborundum (SiC), which resembles diamond.

[edit] Organic compounds

Main article: Organic compound

Structural formula of methane, the simplest possible organic compound
Structural formula of methane, the simplest possible organic compound

Carbon has the ability to form very long chains interconnecting C-C bonds. This property is called catenation. Carbon-carbon bonds are strong, and stable.[citation needed] This property allows carbon to form an almost infinite number of compounds; in fact, there are more known carbon-containing compounds than all the compounds of the other chemical elements combined except those of hydrogen (because almost all organic compounds contain hydrogen too).

The simplest form of an organic molecule is the hydrocarbon—a large family of organic molecules that are composed of hydrogen atoms bonded to a chain of carbon atoms. Chain length, side chains and functional groups all affect the properties of organic molecules. By IUPAC's definition, all the other organic compounds are functionalized compounds of hydrocarbons.[citation needed]
Carbon is the basis for all plastic materials that are used in common household items.
Carbon is the basis for all plastic materials that are used in common household items.

Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. When united with hydrogen, it forms various flammable compounds called hydrocarbons which are important to industry as chemical feedstock for the manufacture of plastics, petrochemicals and as fossil fuels.

When combined with oxygen and hydrogen, carbon can form many groups of important biological compounds including sugars, celluloses, lignans, chitins, alcohols, fats, and aromatic esters, carotenoids and terpenes. With nitrogen it forms alkaloids, and with the addition of sulfur also it forms antibiotics, amino acids and proteins. With the addition of phosphorus to these other elements, it forms DNA and RNA, the chemical codes of life, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the most important energy-transfer molecules in all living cells.

[edit] History and etymology
Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (January 2008)

The English name carbon comes from the Latin carbo for coal and charcoal,[47] and hence comes French charbon, meaning charcoal. In German, Dutch and Danish, the names for carbon are Kohlenstoff, koolstof and kulstof respectively, all literally meaning coal-substance.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Antoine Lavoisier in his youth
Antoine Lavoisier in his youth

Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations. Diamonds were known probably as early as 2500 BCE in China, while carbon in the forms of charcoal was made around Roman times by the same chemistry as it is today, by heating wood in a pyramid covered with clay to exclude air.[48][49]

In 1722, René A. F. de Réaumur demonstrated that iron was transformed into steel through the absorption of some substance, now known to be carbon.[50] In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier showed that diamonds are a form of carbon, when he burned samples of carbon and diamond then showed that neither produced any water and that both released the same amount of carbon dioxide per gram. Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that graphite, which had been thought of as a form of lead, was instead a type of carbon.[51] In 1786, the French scientists Claude Louis Berthollet, Gaspard Monge and C. A. Vandermonde then showed that this substance was carbon.[52] In their publication they proposed the name carbone (Latin carbonum) for this element. Antoine Lavoisier listed carbon as an element in his 1789 textbook.[53]

A new allotrope of carbon, fullerene, that was discovered in 1985[54] includes nanostructured forms such as buckyballs and nanotubes.[13] Their discoverers received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996.[55] The resulting renewed interest in new forms, lead to the discovery of further exotic allotropes, including glassy carbon, and the realization that "amorphous carbon" is not strictly amorphous.[21]

[edit] Applications
Pencil lead for mechanical pencils are made of graphite.
Pencil lead for mechanical pencils are made of graphite.
Sticks of vine and compressed charcoal.
Sticks of vine and compressed charcoal.
A cloth of woven carbon filaments
A cloth of woven carbon filaments
Silicon carbide single crystal
Silicon carbide single crystal
The C60 fullerene in crystalline form
The C60 fullerene in crystalline form
Tungsten carbide milling bits
Tungsten carbide milling bits

Carbon is essential to all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist (see alternative biochemistry). The major economic use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil (petroleum). Crude oil is used by the petrochemical industry to produce, amongst others, gasoline and kerosene, through a distillation process, in refineries. Cellulose is a natural, carbon-containing polymer produced by plants in the form of cellulose, cotton, linen, hemp. Commercially valuable carbon polymers of animal origin include wool, cashmere and silk. Plastics are made from synthetic carbon polymers, often with oxygen and nitrogen atoms included at regular intervals in the main polymer chain. The raw materials for many of these synthetic substances come from crude oil.

The uses of carbon and its compounds are extremely varied. It can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. Graphite is combined with clays to form the 'lead' used in pencils used for writing and drawing. It is also used as a lubricant and a pigment, as a moulding material in glass manufacture, in electrodes for dry batteries and in electroplating and electroforming, in brushes for electric motors and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors.

Charcoal is used as a drawing material in artwork, for grilling, and in many other uses including iron smelting. Wood, coal and oil are used as fuel for production of energy and space heating. Gem quality diamond is used in jewelry, and Industrial diamonds are used in drilling, cutting and polishing tools for machining metals and stone. Plastics are made from fossil hydrocarbons, and carbon fibre, made by pyrolysis of synthetic polyester fibres is used to reinforce plastics to form advanced, lightweight composite materials. Carbon fiber is made by pyrolysis of extruded and stretched filaments of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and other organic substances. The crystallographic structure and mechanical properties of the fiber depend on the type of starting material, and on the subsequent processing. Carbon fibres made from PAN have structure resembling narrow filaments of graphite, but thermal processing may re-order the structure into a continuous rolled sheet[citation needed]. The result is fibers with higher specific tensile strength than steel.[citation needed]

Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink, artist's oil paint and water colours, carbon paper, automotive finishes, India ink and laser printer toner. Carbon black is also used as a filler in rubber products such as tyres and in plastic compounds. Activated charcoal is used as an absorbent and adsorbent in filter material in applications as diverse as gas masks, water purification and kitchen extractor hoods and in medicine to absorb toxins, poisons, or gases from the digestive system. Carbon is used in chemical reduction at high temperatures. coke is used to reduce iron ore into iron. Case hardening of steel is achieved by heating finished steel components in carbon powder. Carbides of silicon, tungsten, boron and titanium, are among the hardest known materials, and are used as abrasives in cutting and grinding tools. Carbon compounds make up most of the materials used in clothing, such as natural and synthetic textiles and leather, and almost all of the interior surfaces in the built environment other than glass, stone and metal.

[edit] Production
Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (December 2007)

[edit] Graphite Production

Commercially viable natural deposits of graphite occur in many parts of the world, but the most important sources economically are in China, India, Brazil, and North Korea.[56] Graphite deposits are of metamorphic origin, found in association with quartz, mica and feldspars in schists, gneisses and metamorphosed sandstones and limestone as lenses or veins, sometimes of a metre or more in thickness. Deposits of graphite in Borrowdale, Cumberland, England were at first of sufficient size and purity that, until the 1800s, pencils were made simply by sawing blocks of natural graphite into strips before encasing the strips in wood. Today, smaller deposits of graphite are obtained by crushing the parent rock and floating the lighter graphite out on water.

[edit] Precautions

Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity and can be handled and even ingested safely in the form of graphite or charcoal. It is resistant to dissolution or chemical attack, even in the acidic contents of the digestive tract, for example. Consequently if it gets into body tissues it is likely to remain there indefinitely. Carbon black was probably one of the first pigments to be used for tattooing, and Ötzi the Iceman was found to have carbon tattoos that survived during his life and for 5200 years after his death.[57] However, inhalation of coal dust or soot (carbon black) in large quantities can be dangerous, irritating lung tissues and causing the congestive lung disease coalworker's pneumoconiosis. Similarly, diamond dust used as an abrasive can do harm if ingested or inhaled. Microparticles of carbon are produced in diesel engine exhaust fumes, and may accumulate in the lungs.[58] In these examples, the harmful effects may result from contamination of the carbon particles, with organic chemicals or heavy metals for example, rather than from the carbon itself.

Carbon may also burn vigorously and brightly in the presence of air at high temperatures, as in the Windscale fire, which was caused by sudden release of stored Wigner energy in the graphite core. Large accumulations of coal, which have remained inert for hundred of millions of years in the absence of oxygen, may spontaneously combust when exposed to air, for example in coal mine waste tips.

The great variety of carbon compounds include such lethal poisons as tetrodotoxin, the lectin ricin from seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis, cyanide (CN-) and carbon monoxide; and such essentials to life as glucose and protein.Compounds of carbon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

There is an immense number of distinct compounds that contain carbon atoms. Some sources suggest that this number is close to almost ten million known.[1] However, it is possible that the number is greater.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Organic compounds
* 2 Inorganic compounds
o 2.1 Compounds with other nonmetals
o 2.2 Compounds with metals
+ 2.2.1 Carbonates and bicarbonates
+ 2.2.2 Carbonyls
+ 2.2.3 Compounds contanining the CN group
+ 2.2.4 Carbides
+ 2.2.5 Other
* 3 Alloys
* 4 Formation of carbon compounds
* 5 References
* 6 See also

[edit] Organic compounds

Main article: Organic compound

Every organic compound contains at least one atom of carbon. The number of these compounds is immense and the described number of defined compounds is close to 10 million. However, an indefinitely larger number of such compounds are theoretically possible.

There are several organic compounds sometimes considered as inorganic: NH2COONH4, COCl2, CSCl2, CS(NH2)2, CO(NH2)2

[edit] Inorganic compounds

See also: Inorganic compounds by element#Carbon

There is a rich variety of carbon chemistry that does not fall within the realm of organic chemistry and is thus called inorganic carbon chemistry.

[edit] Compounds with other nonmetals

Perhaps the best known are the oxides of carbon, carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). Other known oxides are the uncommon carbon suboxide, C3O2, the uncommon dicarbon monoxide, C2O and even the exotic carbon trioxide (CO3).

Other (binary) compounds of carbon with nonmetals include: CS2, β-C3N4, CBr4, CCl4, CF4, COF2, COS, H2C2B10H10,

[edit] Compounds with metals

[edit] Carbonates and bicarbonates

Main articles: Carbonic acid, Carbonate, and Bicarbonate

The only known acid that is derived from the oxides of carbon is the carbonic acid (H2CO3). Upon monodeprotonation of this acid, bicarbonates are formed, which can be further derpotonated to carbonates.

Here is a list of carbonates and bicarbonates: NH4HCO3, (NH4)2CO3, BaCO3, CdCO3, Cs2CO3, Ca(HCO3)3, CaCO3, Ce2(CO3)3, CoCO3, CuCO3, FeCO3, PbCO3, La2(CO3)3, Li2CO3, MgCO3, MnCO3, NiCO3, KHCO3, K2CO3, Ag2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, SrCO3, ZnCO3

[edit] Carbonyls

Main article: Carbonyl

Carbonyls are coordination complexes between transition metals and carbonyl ligands. Metal carbonyls are complexes that are formed with the neutral ligand CO. These complexes are covalent. Here is a list of some carbonyls: Cr(CO)6, Co2(CO)8, Fe(CO)5, Mn2(CO)10, Mo(CO)6, Ni(CO)4, W(CO)6,

[edit] Compounds contanining the CN group

Main articles: Cyanide, Cyanates, Thiocyanate, and Isocyanate

Other types of inorganic compounds include inorganic salts and complexes of the carbon-containing polyatomic ions cyanide, isocyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate.

NH4SCN, CaNCN, Co(SCN)2, CuCN, (HCNO)x NH2CN HCNO, (CN)2, BrCN, ClCN, HCN, KOCN, KCN, K3Fe(CN)6, K4Fe(CN)6, KSCN, Fe4(Fe(CN)6)3, AgCN, NaOCN, NaCN, Na3Fe(CN)5NO, NaSCN, (SCN)2,

[edit] Carbides

Main article: Carbide

Carbides are binary compounds of carbon with an element that is less electronegative than it. B4C, CaC2 SiC, TaC, TiC, WC,

[edit] Other

The known inorganic chemistry of the allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, and the fullerenes) blossomed with the discovery of buckminsterfullerene in 1985, as additional fullerenes and their various derivatives were discovered. One such class of derivatives is inclusion compounds, in which an ion is enclosed by the all-carbon shell of the fullerene. This inclusion is denoted by the "@" symbol. For example, an ion consisting of a lithium ion trapped within buckminsterfullerene would be denoted Li+@C60. As with any other ionic compound, this complex ion could in principle pair with a counterion to form a salt.

[edit] Alloys

There are several alloys that contain carbon of which the best known alloy is carbon steel (see category:steels)). Besides steel, other alloys based on iron and carbon are: anthracite iron, cast iron, pig iron, wrought iron, but also spiegeleisen (which contains also manganese). Stellite is an alloy of carbon with cobalt, chromium and tungsten. To some degree, these alloys could be considered carbides.

[edit] Formation of carbon compounds

In organic chemistry there are 3 important elements: Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen. Each of these elements have different kinds of bonds. Carbon atom has tetravalent bonds, Oxygen atoms divalent bonds and Hydrogen monovalent bonds.Organic compound
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Methane is the simplest possible organic compound
Methane is the simplest possible organic compound

An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered inorganic. The division between "organic" and "inorganic" carbon compounds while "useful in organizing the vast subject of chemistry...is somewhat arbitrary"[1].

Organic chemistry is the science concerned with all aspects of organic compounds. Organic synthesis is the methodology of their preparation.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 History
* 2 Classification
o 2.1 Natural compounds
o 2.2 Synthetic compounds
* 3 Nomenclature
* 4 Databases
* 5 Structure determination
* 6 See also
* 7 References

[edit] History

The "organic" is a historical name, dating back to 19th century, when it was believed that organic compounds could only be synthesized in living organisms through vis vitalis - the "life-force". The theory that organic compounds were fundamentally different from those that were "inorganic", that is, not synthesized through a life-force, was disproved with the synthesis of urea, an "organic" compound by definition of its known occurrence only in the urine of living organisms, from potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate by Friedrich Wöhler in the Wöhler synthesis. The kinds of carbon compounds that are still traditionally considered inorganic are those that were considered inorganic before Wöhler's time; that is, those which came from "inorganic" (i.e., lifeless) sources such as minerals.[1]

[edit] Classification

See Organic chemistry#Classification of organic substances

Organic compounds may contain atoms of further elements, so-called heteroatoms. Organometallic compounds constitute a further subsection, characterized by covalent bonds between organic carbon and a metal.

There is also a large number of inorganic carbon compounds to distinguish from organic compounds.

[edit] Natural compounds

An important subset of organic compounds is still extracted from natural sources because they would be far too expensive to be produced artificially. Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids and terpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B12, and in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometrically complicated molecules which are present in reasonable concentrations in living organisms.

Further compounds of prime importance in biochemistry are antigens, carbohydrates, enzymes, hormones, lipids and fatty acids, neurotransmitters, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides and amino acids, vitamins and fats and oils.

[edit] Synthetic compounds

Many polymers, including all plastics are organic compounds.

[edit] Nomenclature

The IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds slightly differs from the CAS nomenclature.

[edit] Databases

* The CAS database is the most comprehensive repository for data on organic compounds. The search tool SciFinder is offered .

* The Beilstein database contains information on 9.8 million substances, covers the scientific literature from 1771 to the present, and is today accessible via CrossFire. Structures and a large diversity of physical and chemical properties is available for each substance, with reference to original literature.

* PubChem contains 18.4 million entries on compounds and especially covers the field of medicinal chemistry.

There is a great number of more specialized databases for diverse branches of organic chemistry.

[edit] Structure determination

See Structure determination

Today, the main tools are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.List of organic compounds
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This page aims to list well-known organic compounds, including organometallic compounds, to stimulate the creation of Wikipedia articles. Note that purely inorganic compounds, minerals, and chemical elements are not included on this list. There are also no generic terms (e.g., carbohydrate) or mixtures of no fixed composition (e.g., naphtha, gasoline). Compounds and enzymes that are overwhelmingly of interest to biochemists, such as Cytochrome c peroxidase, are listed under list of biomolecules.

This list is not necessarily complete or up to date — if you see an article that should be here but isn't (or one that shouldn't be here but is), please update the page accordingly.

For substances with a number prefix such as 2-Butanol or 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, please use the first letter of the name (in this case under B or C) to find the compound. Note that such names usually have the first letter capitalized in a title or at the beginning of a sentence.

Relevant links for chemical compounds are:

* The CAS Substance Databases, which contains information on about 23 million compounds
* ChemIDplus [1] is a useful non-commercial source for chemical lookups
* NIST Chemistry WebBook [2] is a freely available resource compiled by National Institute of Standards and Technology under the Standard Reference Data Program. Apart from chemical structures, it contains a wealth of associated physico-chemical information such as thermochemistry data and spectra
* ChEBI [3], a freely available dictionary of molecular entities focused on ‘small’ chemical compounds
* PubChem [4], maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), serves as a repository of chemical compounds from many public and commercial resources
* http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/ Material Safety Data Sheets, plus other relevant links

These (commercial) links may also provide useful information:

* Chemfinder [5] is helpful for finding information about a chemical (disable and delete cookies!)
* Sigma Aldrich [6]
* Acros Organics [7]
* Lancaster [8]
* Chemical Suppliers Directory [9]
* ChemSpider [10]has over 20 million structures with chemical names and the ability to download the molfile locally. It includes links to chemical vendors, PubChem, ChEBI and over 100 other sources and is curated by users.

Whilst most compounds are referred to by their IUPAC name, "traditional" names have also been kept where they are in wide use or of significant historical interest.

See also: organic compound, list of compounds, list of inorganic compounds, inorganic compounds by element, list of biomolecules, polyatomic ions, list of elements by name, list of alchemical substances, list of drugs, list of reactions.
Table of contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

[edit] A

For substances with an A- or α- prefix such as α-Terpinene, please see the parent page (in this case Terpinene).

* Abietic acid - C20H30O2
* Acenaphthene
* Acenaphthoquinone
* Acenaphthylene
* Acepromazine
* Acetaldehyde — CH3CHO, also known as ethanal
* Acetamide
* Acetaminophen — C8H9NO2
* Acetaminosalol
* Acetamiprid
* Acetanilide
* Acetic acid — CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, Glacial acetic acid or GAA
* Acetoguanamine
* Acetone — CH3COCH3, or (CH3)2CO
* Acetonitrile
* Acetophenone
* Acetylcholine – (CH3)3N+CH2CH2OCOCH3.
* Acetylene — C2H2
* N-Acetylglutamate
* Acetylsalicylic Acid also known as Aspirin
* Acid fuchsin
* Acridine — C13H9N
* Acridine orange
* Acrolein
* Acrylamide — C3H5NO
* Acrylic acid — CH2=CHCOOH
* Acrylonitrile
* Acryloyl chloride
* Acyclovir
* Adamantane
* Adenosine
* Adipamide
* Adipic acid
* Adiponitrile
* Adipoyl dichloride
* Adonitol
* Adrenaline, epinephrine
* Adrenochrome
* Aflatoxin
* Alanine
* Albumins
* Alcian blue
* Aldosterone
* Aldrin
* Aliquat 336
* Alizarin
* Allantoic acid
* Allantoin
* Allethrin
* Allyl propyl disulfide
* Allylamine
* Allyl chloride
* Amido black 10b
* p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
* Aminodiacetic acid
* Aminoethylpiperazine
* 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
* Aminophylline
* 5-Aminosalicylic acid
* Aminothiazole
* Amiodarone
* Amiton
* Amobarbital
* Amoxicillin — C16H19N3O5S.3H2O
* Amphetamine
* Amyl nitrate
* Amyl nitrite — C5H11A.ONO
* Anethole
* Angelic acid
* Anilazine
* Aniline — C6H5-NH2
* Aniline hydrochloride
* Anisole
* Anisoyl chloride
* Anthanthrene
* Anthracene – (C6H4CH)2
* Anthramine
* Anthranilic acid
* Anthraquinone
* Anthrone
* Antipyrine
* Aprotinin
* Arabinose
* Arginine
* Aroclor (polychlorinated biphenyls)
* Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
* Asparagine
* Asparagusic acid
* Aspartame
* Aspartic acid
* Asphidophytidine
* Astrablue
* Atrazine
* Auramine o
* Aureine
* Avobenzone
* Azadirachtin A — C35H44O16
* Azathioprine
* Azelaic acid
* Azinphos-methyl
* Aziridine
* Azithromycin
* Azo violet
* Azobenzene
* Azulene
* Azure a

[edit] B

For substances with a B- or β- prefix such as β-Pinene, please see the parent page (in this case Pinene).

* Bacillomycin
* Barbital
* Barbituric acid
* Behenic acid
* Benomyl
* Benzaldehyde
* Benzalkonium chloride
* Benzamide
* Benzanthrone
* Benzene — C6H6
* Benzethonium chloride
* Benzidine
* Benzil
* Benzilic acid
* Benzimidazole
* Benzisothiazolinone
* Benzisoxazole
* Benzo(a)anthracene
* Benzo(c)cinnoline
* Benzo(a)pyrene
* Benzo(c)phenanthrene
* Benzo(e)fluoranthene
* Benzo(e)pyrene
* Benzo(ghi)perylene
* Benzo(j)fluoranthene
* Benzo(k)fluoranthene
* Benzo(c)thiophene
* Benzocaine
* Benzofuran
* Benzoic acid
* Benzoin
* Benzothiazole
* Benzothiophene
* Benzotriazole
* Benzoxazole
* Benzoyl chloride
* Benzyl alcohol
* Benzyl chloroformate
* Benzylamine
* Benzyldimethylamine
* Benzylidene acetone
* Betaine
* Betulin
* Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) – C6H2(OH)(CH3)(C(CH3)3)2
* Biotin (Vitamin H)
* Biphenyl
* 2,2'-Bipyridyl = 2,2'-Bipyridine
* 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (Proton-sponge, Aldrich trademark name)
* Bis(chloromethyl) ether
* Bismarck brown y
* Bisphenol A
* Biuret
* Borneol
* Brassinolide
* Brilliant cresyl blue
* Bromacil
* Bromoacetic acid
* Bromobenzene
* 2-Bromo-1-chloropropane
* Bromocresol purple
* Bromocyclohexane
* Bromoform
* Bromomethane — BrCH3
* Bromophenol blue
* 2-Bromopropane
* Bromothymol blue
* Bromotrifluoromethane
* Brucine
* Buckminsterfullerene
* Buspirone
* 1,3-Butadiene
* Butadiene resin
* Butane — C4H10
* Butene
* 2-Butoxyethanol
* Butylamine = n-Butylamine
* Butyllithium
* 2-Butyne-1,4-diol
* Butyraldehyde
* Butyrophenone
* Butyryl chloride

[edit] C

For substances with an c- or cis- prefix such as cis-3-hexenal, you may find these listed under the parent name letter (in this case "H"), as is the norm in chemical catalogues.

* Cacodylic acid
* Cacotheline
* Cadaverine — NH2(CH2)5NH2
* Cadinene
* Cafestol
* Caffeine
* Calcein
* Calciferol (Vitamin D)
* Calcitonin
* Calmodulin
* Calreticulin
* Camphene
* Camphor
* Cannabinol
* Caprolactam
* Caprolactone
* Capsaicin
* Captan
* Captopril
* Carbazole
* Carbazol-9-yl-methanol (N-(Hydroxymethyl)carbazole)
* Carbofuran
* Carbonyl fluoride
* Carboplatin
* Carboxypolymethylene
* Carminic acid
* Carnauba wax
* Carnitine
* Cartap
* Carvacrol
* Carvone
* Castor oil
* Catechol
* Cedar wood oil
* Cefazolin
* Cefotaxime
* Ceftriaxone
* Cellulose
* Cellulose acetate
* Cetrimide
* Cetyl alcohol
* Chloracetyl chloride
* Chloral
* Chloral hydrate
* Chlorambucil
* Chloramine-T
* Chloramphenicol
* Chloranilic acid
* Chlordane
* Chlorhexidine gluconate
* Chloro-m-cresol
* Chloroacetic acid
* 4-Chloroaniline (p-Chloroaniline)
* Chlorobenzene
* 2-Chlorobenzoic acid (o-Chlorobenzoic acid)
* Chlorodifluoromethane
* Chloroethene — C2H3Cl
* Chlorofluoromethane
* Chloroform — CHCl3
* Chloromethane
* 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane (tert butyl chloride)
* Chloronitroaniline
* Chloropentafluoroethane
* Chloropicrin
* Chloroprene
* Chloroquine
* Chlorostyrene
* Chlorothiazide
* Chlorotrifluoromethane
* Chlorotrimethylsilane
* Chloroxuron
* Chlorpyrifos
* Chlorthiamide
* Cholesterol
* Choline
* Chromotropic acid
* Cilostazol
* Cinchonine
* Cinnamaldehyde
* Cinnamic acid
* Cinnamyl alcohol
* Cinnoline — C4H4N2
* cis-2-butene
* cis-3-Hexenal
* cis-3-Hexen-1-ol
* Citral
* Citric acid — C3H4OH(COOH)3
* Citronella oil
* Citronellal
* Citrulline
* Clobetasone
* Clopidol
* Cloxacillin — C19H17ClN3O5S*Na*H2O
* Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
* Cocamidopropyl
* Colchicine
* Collagen
* Collodion
* Congo red
* Coniine
* Coomassie blue
* Coronene
* Coumarin
* Creatine
* Cresol
* Cresyl violet
* Crotonaldehyde
* 18-Crown-6
* Crystal violet
* Cubane
* Cumene
* Cuneane
* Cupferron
* Cuscohygrine
* Cyanogen
* Cyanogen chloride
* Cyanoguanidine
* Cyanuric acid
* Cyanuric chloride
* Cyclodecane
* α-Cyclodextrin
* Cyclododecane
* Cycloheptatriene
* 1,3-Cyclohexadiene
* 1,4-Cyclohexadiene
* Cyclohexane
* Cyclohexanol
* Cyclohexanone
* Cyclohexene
* Cyclonite - (CH2-N-NO2)3
* Cyclooctatetraene
* Cyclopentadiene — C5H6
* Cyclopentane
* Cyclopentanol
* Cyclopentanone
* Cyclopentene
* Cypermethrin
* Cysteamine
* Cysteine
* Cystine
* Cytosine — C4H5N3O

[edit] D

For substances with a d- or D- prefix such as D-alanine or DL-alanine, please see the parent page (in this case alanine).

* DABCO
* DDT
* Decaborane
* Decabromodiphenyl ether
* Decahydronaphthalene
* Decane — C10H22
* Dehydroacetic acid
* Dehydrocholic acid
* Deltamethrin
* Demeton
* Denatonium
* Dexamethazone
* Dextran
* Dextrin
* 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine
* Di-t-butyl peroxide
* Diacetylene
* Diazinon
* Diazomethane
* 1,2-Dibromoethane
* Dibucaine hydrochloride
* Dichloroacetic acid
* p-Dichlorobenzene
* Dichlorobutane
* Dichlorodifluoromethane
* Dichlorodimethylsilane
* 1,2-Dichloroethane
* Dichlorofluoromethane
* Dichlorophen
* 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
* Dichlorotrifluoroethane
* Dichlorvos
* Diclofenac sodium
* Dicofol
* Dicrotophos
* Dicyclopentadiene
* Dieldrin
* Diethanolamine
* Diethion
* Diethyl aluminium chloride a Lewis acid
* Diethylamine
* Diethylene glycol
* Diethylenetriamine
* Diethyl ether
* Difluoromethane
* Digitonin
* Dihydrocortisone
* Diisoheptyl phthalate
* Diisopropyl ether
* Diketene
* Dimethicone
* Dimethylamine
* N,N-Dimethylacetamide
* N,N-dimethylaniline
* 1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene)
* 1,3-Dimethylbenzene (m-Xylene)
* 1,4-Dimethylbenzene (p-Xylene)
* N,N-dimethylformamide
* Dimethyldiethoxysilane
* Dimethylglyoxime
* Dimethylmercury
* Dimethyl sulfoxide
* Dinoseb
* Dioctyl phthalate
* Dioxane
* Dioxathion
* Dioxin
* Diphenylacetylene (Tolane)
* Diphenylmethanol (Benzhydrol)
* Diquat
* Direct Blue 1
* Disulfiram
* Disulfoton
* Dithranol
* 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
* 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
* 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine
* Diuron
* Divinylbenzene
* Docosane
* Dodecane
* Dodecylbenzene
* Domperidone
* Dopamine
* Doxylamine succinate

[edit] E

* EDTA (Ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid)
* Eicosane
* Endosulfan
* Endrin
* Eosin
* Ephedrine
* Epibromohydrin
* Epinephrine — C9H13NO3
* Erucic acid — CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)11COOH
* Erythritol
* Estradiol
* Ethacridine lactate
* Ethane — C2H6
* 1,2-Ethanedithiol — C2H4(SH2)2
* Ethanol — CH3CH2OH
* Ethene — C2H4
* Ethidium bromide
* Ethyl acetate
* Ethylamine
* Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate (Ethyl p-aminobenzoate)
* Ethylbenzene
* Ethyl chloride
* Ethylene
* Ethylene glycol — OHCH2CH2OH
* Ethylene oxide
* Ethyl formate
* 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol
* Eugenol

[edit] F

* Farnesol
* Ferrocene
* Fipronil
* Flunixin
* Fluoranthene
* Fluorene
* 9-Fluorenone
* Fluorescein
* Fluorobenzene
* Fluoroethylene
* Fluoxetine
* Folic acid (Vitamin M)
* Fonofos
* Formaldehyde — HCHO
* Formamide
* Formanilide
* Formic acid — HCOOH
* Formoterol
* Fructose
* Fumaric acid
* Furan (furane)
* Furfural
* Furfuryl alcohol
* Furfurylamine
* Furylfuramide

[edit] G

* Gadopentetate - also known as Magnevist
* Galactose
* Gamma-aminobutyric acid
* Gamma-butyrolactone
* Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
* Geraniol
* Gibberellic acid
* Gluconic acid
* Glucose — C6H12O6
* Glutamic acid (glutamate)
* Glutamine
* Glutaraldehyde
* Glutaric acid
* Glutathione
* Glyburide
* Glycerin (glycerol)
* Glycerol (glycerin)
* Glycerophosphoric acid
* Glycidol
* Glycine — NH2CH2COOH
* Glycogen
* Glycolic acid
* Glyoxal
* Guaiacol
* Guanidine
* Guanine
* Guanosine

[edit] H

* Halothane
* Hematoxylin
* HEPES
* Heptadecane
* Heptane — C7H16
* Hexabromocyclododecane
* Hexachloropropene
* Hexadecane
* Hexafluoro-2-propanol
* Hexafluoro-2-propanone
* Hexafluoroethane
* Hexafluoropropylene
* Hexamethyldewarbenzene
* Hexamethyldisilazane
* Hexamethylenimine
* Hexamethylolmelamine
* Hexamine – (CH2)6N4
* Hexane — C6H14
* Hexanitrodiphenylamine
* Hexanoic acid
* cis-3-Hexanal
* cis-3-Hexen-1-ol
* Hippuric acid
* Histidine — NH2CH(C4H5N2)COOH
* Histamine
* Homoarginine
* Homocysteine
* Homocystine
* Homotaurine
* Hydrochlorothiazide
* Hydrocinnamic acid
* Hydroquinone
* Hydroxyproline
* 5-Hydroxytryptamine
* Hygrine

[edit] I

* Ibuprofen
* Imazapyr
* Imidazole
* Imiquimod
* Indazole
* Indene
* Indigo
* Indole
* Indoline
* Indole-3-acetic acid
* Inositol
* Iodoxybenzene
* Ionone
* Ipratropium bromide
* Isatin
* Isoamyl isobutyrate
* Isobenzofuran
* Isoborneol
* Isobornyl acetate
* Isoflurane
* Isoindole
* Isoleucine
* Isomelamine
* Isooctanol
* Isophthalic acid
* Isopropanol – (CH3)2CHOH, also known as IPA, IsoPropyl alcohol
* Isoquinoline
* Isoxazole
* Itraconazole

[edit] J

* Jasmone
* Jenner's stain

[edit] K

* Kanamycin
* Kepone alcohol
* Keratin
* Ketene
* Kojic acid

[edit] L

For substances with an l- or L- prefix such as L-alanine or DL-alanine, please see the parent page (in this case alanine).

* Lactic acid — CH3CH(OH)COOH
* Lactose
* Lauric acid
* Lauryl alcohol
* LDA (Lithium diisopropylamide)
* Leucine
* Levulinic acid
* Limonene
* Linalool
* Linoleic acid
* Linolenic acid
* Lipoamide
* Lithium diisopropylamide
* Loratadine
* LSD
* Luminol
* 2,6-Lutidine
* Lycopene
* Lysine

[edit] M

For substances with an m- or meta- prefix such as m-cresol, meta-cresol or metacresol that are not listed below, please look for a more generic page (in this case cresol). For substances with a meso- prefix such as meso-tartaric acid or mesotartaric acid that are not listed below, please see the parent page (in this case tartaric acid).

* Malachite green
* Malathion
* Maleic anhydride
* Malic acid
* Maltose
* Mandelonitrile
* Mannide monooleate
* Mannose
* Mauveine
* MDMA
* Mecoprop
* MEK
* Melatonin
* Meldola's blue
* Meloxicam
* Menthol
* 2-Mercaptoethanol
* 2-Mercaptopyridine
* Merocyanine
* Mesityl oxide
* Mesitylene – (CH3)3-C6H3
* Mesotartaric acid
* Metaldehyde
* Metamizole (dipyrone)
* Methane — CH4
* Methanesulfonic acid
* Methanol — CH3OH
* Methionine
* Methomyl
* 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde (anisaldehyde)
* Methoxychlor
* Methoxyflurane
* Methyl acetate
* Methyl-2-cyanoacrylate
* Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)
* Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)
* Methyl isocyanate — CH3-N=C=O
* Methyl methacrylate
* Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
* Methylal
* Methylamine
* 2-Methylbenzoic acid (o-Toluic acid)
* 4-Methylbenzoic acid (p-Toluic acid)
* Methyl chloroformate
* Methylcyclohexane
* Methylene blue — C16H18ClN3S
* Methylhydrazine
* Methylmercury
* Methylmorpholine
* 2-Methylpropene (isobutylene)
* N-Methylpyrrolidone — C5H9NO
* Methyltriethoxysilane
* Methyltrimethoxysilane
* Metoprolol
* Metronidazole
* Michler's ketone
* Milrinone
* Monocrotophos
* Monosodium glutamate
* Mordant red 19
* Morpholine
* MTBE
* Murexide
* Mustard gas — C4H8Cl2S
* Myrcene

[edit] N

For substances with an n- or normal- prefix such as n-pentane that are not listed below, please see the parent page (in this case pentane).

For substances with an N- prefix (meaning on nitrogen) such as N,N-dimethylformamide, if these are not listed below please see the parent page (in this case dimethylformamide).

* n-Nonadecane
* n-Tetradecylbenzene
* Naphthalene — C10H8
* Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
* 2-Naphthylamine
* Neomycin
* Niacin or nicotinic acid (Vitamin B3)
* Nicotine
* Niflumic acid
* Nile red
* Nimesulide
* Nitrilotriacetic acid
* Nitrobenzene
* Nitrocellulose
* Nitroethane
* Nitrofen
* Nitrofurantoin
* Nitroglycerine — C3H5(NO2)3
* Nitromethane
* Nitrosobenzene
* N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
* Nitrosomethylurethane
* Nominine
* Nonacosane
* Nonane — C9H20
* Noradrenaline, norepinephrine
* Norephidrine
* Norcarane
* Norleucine
* Nujol
* NMN

[edit] O

For substances with an o- or ortho- prefix such as o-cresol, ortho-cresol or orthocresol that are not listed below, please look for a more generic page (in this case cresol).

* Octabromodiphenyl ether
* Octane — C8H18
* 1-Octanethiol
* Octanoic acid
* 4-Octylphenol
* Oleic acid
* Orcin
* Orcinol
* Ornithine
* Orotic acid
* Oxalic acid
* Oxalyl Chloride — C2O2Cl2
* Oxamide
* Oxazole
* Oxolinic acid
* Oxymetholone

[edit] P

For substances with an p- or para- prefix such as p-cresol, para-cresol or paracresol that are not listed below, please look for a more generic page (in this case cresol).

* p-nitro benzal dehyde
* PABA
* Paclitaxel
* Palmitic acid
* Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
* Para red
* Parachlorometaxylenol (PCMX)
* Paraformaldehyde
* Parathion
* Pelargonic acid
* Pentabromodiphenyl ether
* Pentachlorobiphenyl
* Pentachlorophenol
* Pentadecane
* Pentaerythritol
* Pentaethylene glycol
* Pentafluoroethane
* Pentane — C5H12
* Pentetic acid
* Perfluorotributylamine
* Permethrin
* Peroxyacetic acid
* Perylene
* Petroleum ether
* Phenacetin
* Phenacyl bromide
* Phenanthrene
* Phenanthrenequinone
* Phencyclidine
* Phenethylamine
* Phenobarbital (c-iv)
* Phenol — C6H5OH
* Phenol red, sodium salt
* Phenolphthalein
* Phenothiazine
* Phenylacetic acid
* Phenylacetylene
* Phenylalanine
* p-Phenylenediamine
* Phenylhydrazine
* Phenylhydroxylamine
* Phenyllithium
* 4-Phenyl-4-(1-piperidinyl)cyclohexanol (PPC)
* Phenylthiocarbamide — C7H8N2S
* Phloroglucinol
* Phorate
* Phthalic anhydride
* Phthalic acid
* Phytic acid
* 4-Picoline
* Picric acid — C6H2(OH)(NO2)3
* Pimelic acid
* Pinacol
* Piperazine
* Piperidine
* Piperonal
* Piperylene
* Pivaloyl chloride
* Polyacrylonitrile
* Polyamide 6 = Nylon 6
* Polybenzimidazole - Polybenzimidazole fiber
* Polyethylenimine
* Polygeline
* Polyisobutylene
* Polypropylene
* Polypropylene glycol
* Polystyrene
* Polyurethane
* Polyvinyl acetate
* Polyvinyl alcohol
* Polyvinyl chloride
* Polyvinylidene chloride
* Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
* Polyvinylpyrrolidone = Poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)
* Porphyrin
* Potassium clavulanate — C8H8KNO5
* Potassium 2-ethyl hexanoate — C8H15KO2
* Prednisone
* Primaquine
* Procaine
* Progesterone
* Prolactin (PRL)
* Proline
* Propane — C3H8
* Propanoic acid
* 2-Propanone
* Propargyl alcohol
* Propiconazole
* Propiolactone
* Propiolic acid
* Propionaldehyde
* Propionitrile
* Propoxur
* Proton-sponge (Aldrich trademark name)
* Purine
* Putrescine — C4H12N2
* Pyrazine
* Pyrazole
* Pyrene
* Pyrethrin
* Pyridazine
* Pyridine — C5H5N
* Pyridinium tribromide
* 2-Pyridone
* Pyridoxal
* Pyridoxine or pyridoxamine (Vitamin B6)
* Pyrilamine
* Pyrimethamine
* Pyrimidine — C4H4N2
* Pyrocatechol violet
* Pyroglutamic acid
* Pyrrole
* Pyrrolidine
* Pyruvic acid

[edit] Q

* Quinaldine
* Quinazoline
* Quinhydrone
* Quinoline
* Quinone
* Quinoxaline

[edit] R

* Raffinose
* Resorcinol
* Retinene
* Retinol (Vitamin A)
* Rhodanine
* Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
* Ribofuranose
* Ribose
* Ricin
* Rosolic acid
* Rotane
* Rotenone

[edit] S

For substances with an s- or secondary- prefix such as s-butyllithium or sec-butyllithium that are not listed below, please see the parent page (in this case under B, butyllithium).

* Saccharin
* Safrole
* Salicin
* Salicylaldehyde
* Salicylic acid
* Salvinorin A
* Sarin
* Sclareol
* Sebacic acid
* Sebacoyl chloride
* Selacholeic acid
* Selenocysteine
* Selenomethionine
* Serine
* Serine kinase
* Serotonin
* Shikimic acid
* Sildenafil (also known as Viagra)
* Skatole
* Snakeroot oil
* Sorbic acid
* Sotolone
* Spermidine
* Squalene
* Stearic acid
* Strychnine
* Styrene
* Succinic anhydride
* Sucrose (sugar)
* Sulfanilamide
* Sulfanilic acid
* Sulforhodamine b
* Suxamethonium chloride

[edit] T

For substances with an t- or tertiary- prefix such as t-butyllithium or tert-butyllithium that are not listed below, please see the parent page (in this case under B, butyllithium). For substances with an t- or trans- prefix such as *trans-2-Butene, you may find these listed under the parent name letter (in this case "B"), as is the norm in chemical catalogues.

* Tabun — C2H5OP(O)(CN)N(CH3)2
* Tannic acid
* Tannin
* Tartaric acid
* Tartrazine
* Taurine
* Terephthalic acid
* Terephthalonitrile
* p-Terphenyl
* α-Terpineol
* Testosterone
* Tetrachlorobiphenyl
* Tetrachloroethylene
* Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride) – CCl4
* Tetradecane
* Tetraethylene glycol
* Tetrafluoroethene
* Tetrahedrane
* Tetrahydrofuran
* Tetrahydronaphthalene
* Tetramethrin
* Tetramethylsilane (TMS, standard for NMR)
* Tetramethylurea
* Tetranitromethane
* Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)
* Tetrazine — C2H2N4 (hypothetical)
* Tetrodotoxin
* Tetryl — C7H5N5O8
* Thalidomide
* Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – C12H17ClN4OS·HCl
* Thiazole
* Thioacetamide
* Thiolactic acid
* Thiophene
* Thiophosgene
* Thiourea
* Thiram
* Thorin
* Threonine
* Thrombopoietin
* Thymidine
* Thymine
* Thymol
* Thymolphthalein
* Thyroxine (T4)
* Tiglic acid
* Tinidazole
* Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
* Toluene — C6H5CH3
* Toluene diisocyanate
* p-Toluenesulfonic acid
* o-Toluic acid (2-Methylbenzoic acid)
* p-Toluic acid (4-Methylbenzoic acid)
* Toxaphene
* Triangulane
* Triazole
* Tributyl phosphate
* Tributylamine
* Tributylphosphine
* Trichloroacetic acid
* Trichloroacetonitrile
* 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
* Trichloroethylene
* Trichlorofluoromethane
* 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole
* 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
* Tris
* Tricine
* Triclabendazole
* Triclosan
* Tricosane
* Tridecane
* Tridecanoic acid
* Triethylaluminium
* Triethylamine
* Triethylamine hydrochloride — C6H15N·HCl
* Triethylene glycol
* Triethylenediamine
* Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)
* 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane
* 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol
* Trifluoromethane
* Trimellitic anhydride
* Trimethoxyamphetamine
* Trimethyl phosphite
* Trimethylamine
* Trimethylbenzene
* 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane)
* Trinitrotoluene (TNT) – C6H2(NO2)3CH3 or 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
* Tri-o-cresyl phosphate
* Triphenyl phosphate
* Triphenylamine
* Triphenylantimony
* Triphenylene
* Triphenylmethane
* Triphenylmethanol
* Triphenylphosphine
* Tropane
* Tropinone
* Trypan blue
* Tryptophan
* Tyrosine — C9O3H11N

[edit] U

* Umbelliferone
* Undecanol
* Uracil
* Urea — CO(NH2)2
* Urethane
* Uric acid — C5H4N4O3
* Uridine
* Usnic acid

[edit] V

* Valine
* Valium
* Valproic acid
* Vanillin
* Venlafaxine
* Vigulariol
* Vinyl acetate
* Vinyl fluoride
* Vinylidene chloride
* Violanthrone-79 (16,17-bis(octyloxy)anthra[9,1,2-cde]benzo[rst]pentaphene-5,10-dione)
* Vitamin A (retinol)
* Vitamin B
* Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
* Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
* Vitamin B3 (niacin or nicotinic acid)
* Vitamin B4 (adenine)
* Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
* Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine or pyridoxamine)
* Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
* Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
* Vitamin D (calciferol)
* Vitamin E (tocopherol)
* Vitamin F
* Vitamin H (biotin)
* Vitamin K (naphthoquinone)
* Vitamin M (folic acid)
* Vitamin P (niacin or nicotinic acid)
* Vitamin S

[edit] W

* Warfarin

[edit] X

* Xanthan gum
* Xanthone
* Xylene
* Xylene cyanole ff
* Xylenol orange
* Xylose
* Xylyl bromide

[edit] Y

* Yohimbine hydrochloride - C21H26N2O3
* Yohimbinic acid monohydrate

[edit] Z

* Zingiberene

"ABOUT ACID"

2008-10-12T22:45:00.000-07:00

Acid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Acids)
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Acid (disambiguation).
This article is about acids in chemistry. For the drug, see Lysergic acid diethylamide.
"Acidity" redirects here. For the novelette, see Acidity (Novelette).
Acids and bases:

* Acid dissociation constant
* Acid-base extraction
* Acid-base reaction
* Acid-base physiology
* Acid-base homeostasis
* Dissociation constant
* Acidity function
* Buffer solutions
* pH
* Proton affinity
* Self-ionization of water
* Acids:
o Lewis acids
o Mineral acids
o Organic acids
o Strong acids
o Superacids
o Weak acids
* Bases:
o Lewis bases
o Organic bases
o Strong bases
o Superbases
o Non-nucleophilic bases
o Weak bases

edit

An acid (often represented by the generic formula HA [H+A-]) is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion activity greater than in pure water, i.e. a pH less than 7.0. That approximates the modern definition of Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry, who independently defined an acid as a compound which donates a hydrogen ion (H+) to another compound (called a base). Common examples include acetic acid (in vinegar) and sulfuric acid (used in car batteries). Acid/base systems are different from redox reactions in that there is no change in oxidation state.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Definitions
* 2 Properties
* 3 Nomenclature
* 4 Chemical characteristics
o 4.1 Monoprotic acids
o 4.2 Polyprotic acids
o 4.3 Neutralization
o 4.4 Weak acid/weak base equilibria
* 5 Applications of acids
* 6 Biological occurrence
* 7 Common acids
o 7.1 Mineral acids
o 7.2 Sulfonic acids
o 7.3 Carboxylic acids
o 7.4 Vinylogous carboxylic acids
* 8 References
* 9 See also
* 10 External links

[edit] Definitions

Main article: acid-base reaction theories

The word "acid" comes from the Latin acidus meaning "sour," but in chemistry the term acid has a more specific meaning. There are four common ways to define an acid:

* Arrhenius: According to this definition developed by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius, an acid is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), which are carried as hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in water, while bases are substances that increase the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-). This definition limits acids and bases to substances that can dissolve in water. Around 1800, many French chemists, including Antoine Lavoisier, incorrectly believed that all acids contained oxygen. Indeed the modern German word for oxygen is Sauerstoff (lit. sour substance), as is the Afrikaans word for oxygen suurstof, with the same meaning. English chemists, including Sir Humphry Davy, at the same time believed all acids contained hydrogen. Arrhenius used this belief to develop this definition of acid.
* Brønsted-Lowry: According to this definition, an acid is a proton (hydrogen nucleus) donor and a base is a proton acceptor. The acid is said to be dissociated after the proton is donated. An acid and the corresponding base are referred to as conjugate acid-base pairs. Brønsted and Lowry independently formulated this definition, which includes water-insoluble substances not in the Arrhenius definition. Acids according to this definition are variously referred to as Brønsted acids, Brønsted-Lowry acids, proton acids, protic acids, or protonic acids.
* Solvent-system definition: According to this definition, an acid is a substance that, when dissolved in an autodissociating solvent, increases the concentration of the solvonium cations, such as H3O+ in water, NH4+ in liquid ammonia, NO+ in liquid N2O4, SbCl2+ in SbCl3, etc. Base is defined as the substance that increases the concentration of the solvate anions, respectively OH-, NH2-, NO3-, or SbCl4-. This definition extends acid-base reactions to non-aqueous systems and even some aprotic systems, where no hydrogen nuclei are involved in the reactions. This definition is not absolute, a compound acting as acid in one solvent may act as a base in another.
* Lewis: According to this definition developed by Gilbert N. Lewis, an acid is an electron-pair acceptor and a base is an electron-pair donor. (These are frequently referred to as "Lewis acids" and "Lewis bases," and are electrophiles and nucleophiles, respectively, in organic chemistry; Lewis bases are also ligands in coordination chemistry.) Lewis acids include substances with no transferable protons (ie H+ hydrogen ions), such as iron(III) chloride, and hence the Lewis definition of an acid has wider application than the Brønsted-Lowry definition. In fact, the term Lewis acid is often used to exclude protic (Brønsted-Lowry) acids. The Lewis definition can also be explained with molecular orbital theory. In general, an acid can receive an electron pair in its lowest unoccupied orbital (LUMO) from the highest occupied orbital (HOMO) of a base. That is, the HOMO from the base and the LUMO from the acid combine to a bonding molecular orbital.

Although not the most general theory, the Brønsted-Lowry definition is the most widely used definition. The strength of an acid may be understood by this definition by the stability of hydronium and the solvated conjugate base upon dissociation. Increasing or decreasing stability of the conjugate base will increase or decrease the acidity of a compound. This concept of acidity is used frequently for organic acids such as carboxylic acid. The molecular orbital description, where the unfilled proton orbital overlaps with a lone pair, is connected to the Lewis definition.

[edit] Properties

Bronsted-Lowry acids:

* Are generally sour in taste
* Strong or concentrated acids often produce a stinging feeling on mucous membranes
* Change the color of pH indicators as follows: turn blue litmus and methyl orange red, turn phenolphthalein colorless
* React with metals to produce a metal salt and hydrogen
* React with metal carbonates to produce water, CO2 and a salt
* React with a base to produce a salt and water
* React with a metal oxide to produce water and a salt
* Conduct electricity, depending on the degree of dissociation
* Produce solvonium ions, such as hydronium (H3O+) ions in water

Acids can be gases, liquids, or solids. Respective examples (at 20 °C and 1 atm) are hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid and citric acid. Solutions of acids in water are liquids, such as hydrochloric acid - an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride. At 20 °C and 1 atm, linear carboxylic acids are liquids up to nonanoic acid (nine carbon atoms) and solids beginning from decanoic acid (ten carbon atoms). Aromatic carboxylic acids, the simplest being benzoic acid, are solids.

Strong acids and many concentrated acids, being corrosive, can be dangerous; causing severe burns for even minor contact. Generally, acid burns on the skin are treated by rinsing the affected area abundantly with running water, followed up with immediate medical attention. In the case of highly concentrated mineral acids such as sulfuric acid or nitric acid, the acid should first be wiped off, otherwise the exothermic mixing of the acid and the water could cause thermal burns.[citation needed] Particular acids may also be dangerous for reasons not related to their acidity. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) can be consulted for detailed information on dangers and handling instructions.

[edit] Nomenclature

In the classical naming system, acids are named according to their anions. That ionic suffix is dropped and replaced with a new suffix (and sometimes prefix), according to the table below. For example, HCl has chloride as its anion, so the -ide suffix makes it take the form hydrochloric acid. In the IUPAC naming system, "aqueous" is simply added to the name of the ionic compound. Thus, for hydrogen chloride, the IUPAC name would be aqueous hydrogen chloride.

Classical naming system:
Anion Prefix Anion Suffix Acid Prefix Acid Suffix Example
per ate per ic acid perchloric acid (HClO4)
ate ic acid chloric acid (HClO3)
ite ous acid chlorous acid (HClO2)
hypo ite hypo ous acid hypochlorous acid (HClO)
ide hydro ic acid hydrochloric acid (HCl)

[edit] Chemical characteristics

In water the following equilibrium occurs between a weak acid (HA) and water, which acts as a base:

HA(aq) + H2O ⇌ H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)

The acidity constant (or acid dissociation constant) is the equilibrium constant for the reaction of HA with water:

K_a = \frac{[\mbox{H}_3\mbox{O}^+][\mbox{A}^-]}{[\mbox{HA}]}

Strong acids have large Ka values (i.e. the reaction equilibrium lies far to the right; the acid is almost completely dissociated to H3O+ and A-). Strong acids include the heavier hydrohalic acids: hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), and hydroiodic acid (HI). (However, hydrofluoric acid, HF, is relatively weak.) For example, the Ka value for hydrochloric acid (HCl) is 107.

Weak acids have small Ka values (i.e. at equilibrium significant amounts of HA and A− exist together in solution; modest levels of H3O+ are present; the acid is only partially dissociated). For example, the Ka value for acetic acid is 1.8 x 10-5. Most organic acids are weak acids. Oxoacids, which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen may be quite strong or weak. Nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid are all strong acids, whereas nitrous acid, sulfurous acid and hypochlorous acid are all weak.

Note on terms used:

* The terms "hydrogen ion" and "proton" are used interchangeably; both refer to H+.
* In aqueous solution, the water is protonated to form hydronium ion, H3O+(aq). This is often abbreviated as H+(aq) even though the symbol is not chemically correct.
* The strength of an acid is measured by its acid dissociation constant (Ka) or equivalently its pKa (pKa= - log(Ka)).
* The pH of a solution is a measurement of the concentration of hydronium. This will depend on the concentration and nature of acids and bases in solution.

[edit] Monoprotic acids

Monoprotic acids are those acids that are able to donate one proton per molecule during the process of dissociation (sometimes called ionization) as shown below (symbolized by HA):

HA(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + A−(aq) Ka

Common examples of monoprotic acids in mineral acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3). On the other hand, for organic acids the term mainly indicates the presence of one carboxyl group and sometimes these acids are known as monocarboxylic acid. Examples in organic acids include formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH) and benzoic acid (C6H5COOH).

[edit] Polyprotic acids

Polyprotic acids are able to donate more than one proton per acid molecule, in contrast to monoprotic acids that only donate one proton per molecule. Specific types of polyprotic acids have more specific names, such as diprotic acid (two potential protons to donate) and triprotic acid (three potential protons to donate).

A diprotic acid (here symbolized by H2A) can undergo one or two dissociations depending on the pH. Each dissociation has its own dissociation constant, Ka1 and Ka2.

H2A(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + HA−(aq) Ka1

HA−(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + A2−(aq) Ka2

The first dissociation constant is typically greater than the second; i.e., Ka1 > Ka2 . For example, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can donate one proton to form the bisulfate anion (HSO4−), for which Ka1 is very large; then it can donate a second proton to form the sulfate anion (SO42−), wherein the Ka2 is intermediate strength. The large Ka1 for the first dissociation makes sulfuric a strong acid. In a similar manner, the weak unstable carbonic acid (H2CO3) can lose one proton to form bicarbonate anion (HCO3−) and lose a second to form carbonate anion (CO32−). Both Ka values are small, but Ka1 > Ka2 .

A triprotic acid (H3A) can undergo one, two, or three dissociations and has three dissociation constants, where Ka1 > Ka2 > Ka3 .

H3A(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + H2A−(aq) Ka1

H2A−(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + HA2−(aq) Ka2

HA2−(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + A3−(aq) Ka3

An inorganic example of a triprotic acid is orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4), usually just called phosphoric acid. All three protons can be successively lost to yield H2PO4−, then HPO42−, and finally PO43− , the orthophosphate ion, usually just called phosphate. An organic example of a triprotic acid is citric acid, which can successively lose three protons to finally form the citrate ion. Even though the positions of the protons on the original molecule may be equivalent, the successive Ka values will differ since it is energetically less favorable to lose a proton if the conjugate base is more negatively charged.

[edit] Neutralization
Hydrochloric acid (in beaker) reacting with ammonia fumes to produce ammonium chloride (white smoke).
Hydrochloric acid (in beaker) reacting with ammonia fumes to produce ammonium chloride (white smoke).

Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and neutralized base; for example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide form sodium chloride and water:

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

Neutralization is the basis of titration, where a pH indicator shows equivalence point when the equivalent number of moles of a base have been added to an acid. It is often wrongly assumed that neutralization should result in a solution with pH 7.0, which is only the case with similar acid and base strengths during a reaction.

Neutralization with a base weaker than the acid results in a weakly acidic salt. An example is the weakly acidic ammonium chloride, which is produced from the strong acid hydrogen chloride and the weak base ammonia. Conversely, neutralizing a weak acid with a strong base gives a weakly basic salt, e.g. sodium fluoride from hydrogen fluoride and sodium hydroxide.

[edit] Weak acid/weak base equilibria

Main article: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

In order to lose a proton, it is necessary that the pH of the system rise above the pKa of the protonated acid. The decreased concentration of H+ in that basic solution shifts the equilibrium towards the conjugate base form (the deprotonated form of the acid). In lower-pH (more acidic) solutions, there is a high enough H+ concentration in the solution to cause the acid to remain in its protonated form, or to protonate its conjugate base (the deprotonated form).

Solutions of weak acids and salts of their conjugate bases form buffer solutions.

[edit] Applications of acids

There are numerous uses for acids. Acids are often used to remove rust and other corrosion from metals in a process known as pickling. They may be used as an electrolyte in a wet cell battery, such as sulfuric acid in a car battery.

Strong acids, sulfuric acid in particular, are widely used in mineral processing. For example, phosphate minerals react with sulfuric acid to produce phosphoric acid for the production of phosphate fertilizers, and zinc is produced by dissolving zinc oxide into sulfuric acid, purifying the solution and electrowinning.

In the chemical industry, acids react in neutralization reactions to produce salts. For example, nitric acid reacts with ammonia to produce ammonium nitrate, a fertilizer. Additionally, carboxylic acids can be esterified with alcohols, to produce esters.

Acids are used as catalysts; for example, sulfuric acid is used in very large quantities in the alkylation process to produce gasoline. Strong acids, such as sulfuric, phosphoric and hydrochloric acids also effect dehydration and condensation reactions.

Acids are used as additives to drinks and foods, as they alter their taste and serve as preservatives. Phosphoric acid, for example, is component of cola drinks.

[edit] Biological occurrence

In humans and many other animals, hydrochloric acid is a part of the gastric acid secreted within the stomach to help hydrolyze proteins and polysaccharides, as well as converting the inactive pro-enzyme, pepsinogen into the enzyme, pepsin. Some organisms produce acids for defense; for example, ants produce formic acid.

[edit] Common acids

[edit] Mineral acids

* Solutions of hydrogen halides, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrobromic acid (HBr)
* Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
* Nitric acid (HNO3)
* Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
* Chromic acid (H2CrO4)

[edit] Sulfonic acids

* Methanesulfonic acid (aka mesylic acid) (MeSO3H)
* Ethanesulfonic acid (aka esylic acid) (EtSO3H)
* Benzenesulfonic acid (aka besylic acid) (PhSO3H)
* Toluenesulfonic acid (aka tosylic acid, or (C6H4(CH3) (SO3H))

[edit] Carboxylic acids

* Formic acid
* Acetic acid
* Citric acid

[edit] Vinylogous carboxylic acids

* Ascorbic acid

"TRIGONOMETRY"

2008-10-12T22:16:00.000-07:00

TRIGONOMENTRY IDEANTITIES
Summary of trigonometric identities

You have seen quite a few trigonometric identities in the past few pages. It is convenient to have a summary of them for reference. These identities mostly refer to one angle denoted t, but there are a few of them involving two angles, and for those, the other angle is denoted s..
More important identities
You don't have to know all the identities off the top of your head. But these you should.

Defining relations for tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant in terms of sine and cosine.

tan t = sin tcos t cot t = 1tan t = cos tsin t
sec t = 1cos t csc t = 1sin t

The Pythagorean formula for sines and cosines.

sin2 t + cos2 t = 1

Identities expressing trig functions in terms of their complements

cos t = sin( pi/2 – t) sin t = cos( pi/2 – t)

cot t = tan( pi/2 – t) tan t = cot( pi/2 – t)

csc t = sec( pi/2 – t) sec t = csc( pi/2 – t)

Periodicity of trig functions. Sine, cosine, secant, and cosecant have period 2 pi while tangent and cotangent have period pi.

sin (t + 2 pi) = sin t

cos (t + 2 pi) = cos t

tan (t + pi) = tan t

Identities for negative angles. Sine, tangent, cotangent, and cosecant are odd functions while cosine and secant are even functions.

sin –t = –sin t

cos –t = cos t

tan –t = –tan t

Sum formulas for sine and cosine

sin (s + t) = sin s cos t + cos s sin t

cos (s + t) = cos s cos t – sin s sin t

Double angle formulas for sine and cosine

sin 2t = 2 sin t cos t

cos 2t = cos2 t – sin2 t = 2 cos2 t – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 t

Less important identities
You should know that there are these identities, but they are not as important as those mentioned above. They can all be derived from those above, but sometimes it takes a bit of work to do so.

The Pythagorean formula for tangents and secants.

sec2 t = 1 + tan2 t

Identities expressing trig functions in terms of their supplements

sin( pi – t) = sin t

cos( pi – t) = –cos t

tan( pi – t) = –tan t

Difference formulas for sine and cosine

sin (s – t) = sin s cos t – cos s sin t

cos (s – t) = cos s cos t + sin s sin t

Sum, difference, and double angle formulas for tangent

tan (s + t) = tan s + tan t1 – tan s tan t
tan (s – t) = tan s – tan t1 + tan s tan t
tan 2t = 2 tan t1 – tan2 t

Half-angle formulas

sin t/2 = ± sqrt((1 – cos t) / 2)

cos t/2 = ± sqrt((1 + cos t) / 2)

tan t/2 = sin t1 + cos t = 1 – cos tsin t

Truly obscure identities
These are just here for perversity. Yes, of course, they have some applications, but they're usually narrow applications, and they could just as well be forgotten until, if ever, needed.

Product-sum identities

sin s + sin t = 2 sin s + t2 cos s – t2
sin s – sin t = 2 cos s + t2 sin s – t2
cos s + cos t = 2 cos s + t2 cos s – t2
cos s – cos t = –2 sin s + t2 sin s – t2

Product identities

sin s cos t = sin (s + t) + sin (s – t)2
cos s cos t = cos (s + t) + cos (s – t)2
sin s sin t = cos (s – t) – cos (s + t) 2
Aside: weirdly enough, these product identities were used before logarithms to perform multiplication. Here's how you could use the second one. If you want to multiply x times y, use a table to look up the angle s whose cosine is x and the angle t whose cosine is y. Look up the cosines of the sum s + t, and the difference s – t. Average those two cosines. You get the product xy! Three table look-ups, and computing a sum, a difference, and an average rather than one multiplication. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), among others, used this algorithm known as prosthaphaeresis.

Triple angle formulas. You can easily reconstruct these from the addition and double angle formulas.

sin 3t = 3 sin t – 4 sin3 t

cos 3t = 4 cos3 t –3 cos t

tan 3t = 3 tan t – tan3t1 – 3 tan2t

More half-angle formulas. (These are used in calculus for a particular kind of substitution in integrals sometimes called the Weierstrass t-substitution.)

sin t = 2 tan t/21 + tan2 t/2
cos t = 1 – tan2 t/21 + tan2 t/2
tan t = 2 tan t/21 – tan2 t/2

"SCIENCE QUESTION BANK"

2008-10-07T01:13:00.000-07:00

Q. 1. What is the diameter of a bucky ball?

Q. 2. Name the types of nanotubes.

Q. 3. What is the refractive index of water ?

Q. 4. Give the position and nature of image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed at F.

Q. 5. What is the SI unit of power of lens ?

Q. 6. What is the power of a concave lens having focal length 0.5m?

Q. 7. What is the velocity of light in vacuum?

Q. 8. Comment on the refractive index of any medium.

Q. 9. At what position will a concave mirror give a real, inverted image of same size as the object?

Q. 10. Which kind of lens has positive power?

Q. 11. Which colour is obtained at the top in a prism spectrum and why?

Q. 12. If white light is incident on a mixture of blue and yellow pigments, which colour is reflected?

Q. 13. Which technique is used to produce coloured pictures on T V?

Q. 14. Name the primary pigments.

Q. 15. Which lens is used to correct Hypermetropia?

Q. 16. In a telescope, which lens has a larger focal length?

Q. 17. If an electrical lamp lights for 2 hrs drawing a current of 0.4 A, calculate the amount of charge that passed through the lamp?

Q. 18. Define electric potential.

Q. 19.How much current will an electric heater connected to 220 V line draw if its resistance is 45 ohm?

Q. 20. How much energy is consumed in joules if the domestic meter reading shows 15.5 units?

Q. 21. Out of tap water, sea water and pure water, which is the best conductor of electricity?

Q. 22. What type of V-> I graph does ohm’s law suggest?

Q. 23. Why does a solenoid produce a strong magnetic field?

Q. 24. What is the frequency of domestic current?

Q. 25. Which electromagnetic rays have wave length less than ultraviolet rays?

Q. 26. What keeps the water circulating in the tank of a solar water heater?

Q. 27. What temperature is attained at the Mount Louis in France by Solar furnace?

Q. 28. How much electricity is produced by a single solar cell?

Q. 29. Which are the necessary structural parameters of a windmill?

Q. 30. At what depth is OTEC captured?

Q. 31. Where on Earth can OTEC be captured?

Q. 32. Define Magma.

Q. 33. What is the average temperature obtained in hot water geysers?

Q. 34. Where is hydrogen used as a fuel?

Q. 35. How many carbon atoms are present in a molecule of diesel?

Q. 36. What is the calorific value of kerosene?

Q. 37. At what temperature is Lubricating oil obtained in the FD tower?

Q. 38. What is the specific heat of water?

Q. 39. 1 eV is how many joules?

Q. 40. 1 u is how many eV?

Q. 41. What is the atomic mass of a neutron?

Q. 42. How much energy does fission of 1kg uranium produce?

Q. 43. Define spontaneous fission.

Q. 44. What is the energy of neutron released during nuclear fission?

Q. 45. How much is the energy of a neutron decreased to obtain a thermal neutron?

Q. 46. Mass defect is converted to energy as per which equation?

Q. 47. At what temperature is plasma state obtained?

Q. 48. Define Ignition temperature.

Q. 49. When and where did the most serious nuclear accident take place?

Q. 50. What is the value of solar mass?

Q. 51. What is the value of solar constant?

Q. 52. Name the moons of Mars.

Q. 53. Name the moons of Neptune.

Q. 54. With respect to Pluto what is Binary system?

Q. 55. What is the tail of a comet made up of?

Q. 56. After what height do booster rockets burn due to friction?

Q. 57. In which orbits are remote sensing satellites launched?

Q. 58. From where was the first EDUSAT launched in India?

Q. 59. Which satellite to be launched by India will be useful for DTH service?

Q. 60. Give an example of physical equilibrium.

Q. 61. What kind of reaction should take place for attaining chemical equilibrium?

Q. 62. Draw the graph of rate of reaction à time.

Q. 63. How does temperature affect rate of reaction?

Q. 64. What is the concentration of H+ ion in pure water?

Q. 65. What is the pH value of Lemon Juice?

Q. 66. Give the chemical formula of ammonical brine.

Q. 67. Give chemical formula of soda ash.

Q. 68. What is efflorescence?

Q. 69. What is dead burnt plaster?

Q. 70. What is lime-light?

Q. 71. What happens when lime is heated with carbon in an electric furnace?

Q. 72. Name the major constituents of cement?

Q. 73. Give the chemical formula of glass.

Q. 74. What is added to make green coloured glass?

Q. 75. Write the full form of RCC.

Q. 76. Give the names and chemical formulae of ores of silver.

Q. 77. Give an equation for thermite process.

Q. 78. What is added to alumina to bring down its melting point in Hall- Heroult process?

Q. 79. Define emf series.

Q. 80. Which metals do not react with water at all?

Q. 81. Give the equation for formation of rust.

Q. 82. How is galvanized iron made?

Q. 83. Which alloy is used to make light instruments?

Q. 84. Which metals are refined by liquification process?

Q. 85. What is slag?

Q. 86. What product is obtained when phosphorus pentoxide dissolves in water?

Q. 87. Give the equation for steam reforming process.

Q. 88. What catalyst is used in Haber’s process?

Q. 89. Which base is used to make para-aminobenzoic acid?

Q. 90. What is the melting point of sulphur?

Q. 91. Give the chemical formula of copper pyrite.

Q. 92. At what temperature is rhombic sulphur obtained?

Q. 93. What is used as a preservative in jams and squashes?

Q. 94. What is used as a catalyst in the contact chamber to convert sulphur dioxide to trioxide?

Q. 95. Give an example showing dehydrating action of sulphuric acid.

Q. 96. give the chemical name and formula or oleum.

Q. 97. Give the chemical formula and IUPAC name for propyl alcohol.

Q. 98. Which enzyme converts sugar to glucose?

Q. 99. Ethyl alcohol undergoes oxidation in presence of acetic acid and chromium oxide to give?

Q. 100. Why is ethyl alcohol used in radiators of vehicles in cold countries?

Q. 101. What is denatured ethyl alcohol?

Q. 102. How many hydrocarbons can be attached to a ketone group?

Q. 103. What does the oxidation of alcohols give?

Q. 104. What is formalin and where is it used?

Q. 105. Give the reaction between methanal and hydrogen cyanide.

Q. 106. Give the general formula of carboxylic group.

Q. 107. What is used as a catalyst to prepare acetic acid industrially?

Q. 108. Give the name and chemical formula for monomer of Teflon.

Q. 109. What is the name and chemical formula of monomer unit of natural rubber?

Q. 110. Give the name and chemical formula of the by product obtained in while manufacturing soap.

Q. 111. Which functional group is present in detergents?

Q. 112. What is the function of polar tail of detergent molecule?

Q. 113. What is holozoic nutrition?

Q. 114. What is the full form of NADP?

Q. 115. Where does the biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis take place?

Q. 116. How are ATP and NADPH2 synthesised in light phase useful in biosynthetic phase?

Q. 117. Which organ in grasshopper grinds the food particles?

Q. 118. In mammals, which teeth are used for grinding and chewing?

Q. 119. Which are the parts of small intestine?

Q. 120. What is the function of villi present in small intestine?

Q. 121. How many times more energy is released by oxidation of a glucose molecue by aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration?

Q. 122. What is the function of lenticels?

Q. 123. What will you expect in stomata when the carbondioxide concentration increases in the leaf?

Q. 124. What are the openings of trachea called?

Q. 125. Where does each bronchile terminate?

Q. 126. During photosynthesis electrons are released from which molecule?

Q. 127. During photosynthesis from where is oxygen released?

Q. 128. What is the function of incisors?

Q. 129. Where is NADPH2 formed?

Q. 130. What provides tensile strength to the inner wall of tracheae?

Q. 131. Through which organ are water and minerals transported in pteridiphytes and gymnosperms?

Q. 132. What is ascent of sap?

Q. 133. How are sieve tube and companion cell formed?

Q. 134. What controls the actions of sieve tube?

Q. 135. Which organ transports food in pteridophytes and gymnosperms?

Q. 136. How do food particles enter phloem?

Q. 137. What is translocation?

Q. 138. What is conjugated protein?

Q. 139. Where are erythrocytes formed?

Q. 140. Which type of WBC produces immunoglobulins?

Q. 141. What converts prothrombin to thrombin while blood clotting?

Q. 142. Where are antigens present?

Q. 143. A person with O blood group will not have which type of antigen?

Q. 144. What is the function of tricuspid valve?

Q. 145. In context to human heart what is known as diastolic stage?

Q. 146. Why are the walls of arteries elastic and thick?

Q. 147. Why do veins contain valves?

Q. 148. What is lymph?

Q. 149. Name the excretory organ of sponges.

Q. 150. What is the opening of nephrostome called?

Q. 151.Which type of nephridia will show exonephric excretion?

Q. 152. What is malphigian body?

Q. 153. Where do the collecting tubules of nephron open?

Q. 154. What is ultrafilteration of urine?

Q. 155. In which form is concentrated waste formed in desert animals and why?

Q. 156. How do birds excrete waste?

Q. 157. Which part helps amoeba in excretion?

Q. 158. State the function and location of stem cell?

Q. 159.> What is the shape of human erythrocyte?

Q. 160. In which part of the body does impure blood get purified?

Q. 161. What is chemotropism?

Q. 162. What is thigmonastic response?

Q. 163. Which type of nastic movement does sunflower show?

Q. 164. Which type of plants do not respond to photoperiodism?

Q. 165. What induces photoperiodic stimulus in plants?

Q. 166. What type of nervous system is present in invertebrates?

Q. 167. which organs protect the human brain?

Q. 168. Where is the cerebrospinal fluid present and what is its function?

Q. 169. where are the centres for visual reception, in brain?

Q. 170. What is the function of cerebellum?

Q. 171. Medulla possesses centres for ?

Q. 172. How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?

Q. 173. What is reflex arc?

Q. 174. What is autonomous nervous system?

Q. 175. Give two characteristics of hormones

Q. 176. Which organ controls the functioning of pituitary gland?

Q. 177. Which hormone maintains the ionic balance in the body?

Q. 178. What is the function of oxytocin?

Q. 179. What are the functions of estrogen and progesterone?

Q. 180. Which hormone regulates the male sex organs?

Q. 181. Which hormone acts as a growth promoter in plants?

Q. 182. What is the group of cells formed in multiple fission called?

Q. 183. Name two organisms reproducing by spore formation?

Q. 184. By which method do planaria and spirogyra reproduce?

Q. 185. Name two plants showing layering mode of vegetative propogation.

Q. 186. Which plants can be rafted on the stock of citrus?

Q. 187. Q. 1. What is the portion of the plant grafted on other plant called?

Q. 188. What is the temperature in the scortum?

Q. 189. Why is the ureter known as urinogenital path in case of males?

Q. 190. Which glands secrete semen?

Q. 191. What gives rise to an ovum in female?

Q. 192. What is ovulation in females?

Q. 193. is menopause?

Q. 194. What is copulation?

Q. 195. What is the function of amniotic fluid?

Q. 196. What is the zero method of natural contraception?

Q. 197. What do oral pills for contraception contain?

Q. 198. Name the organism causing Gonorrhoea.

Q. 199. Which scientists provided and evidence that gene is a part of chromosome?

Q. 200. What are prokaryotic chromosomes composed of ?

Q. 201. What is the length and diameter of each chromosome?

Q. 202. What is nucleolar organizer region?

Q. 203. Which purine nitrogen bases are present in the DNA molecule?

Q. 204. Which is the complimentary base pair of Cytosine?

Q. 205. What is the distance between each nucleotide pair in a DNA strand?

Q. 206. In which animal, the embryo develops into a female at high temperature?

Q. 207. What does the Recapitulation theory of Ernst Haeckel state?

Q. 208. Who is known as the Father of Taxonomy?

Q. 209. What is retrovirus? Give an example.

Q. 210. What is the extra chromosome found in male insects called?

Q. 211. How do CFC’s harm the atmosphere?

Q. 212. For what purpose are wet scrubbers used?

Q. 213. What is Eutrophication?

Q. 214. Why is the BOD of potable water less?

Q. 215. What is the full form of NEERI?

Q. 216. Define 1 A current.

Q. 217. What symbol is used in an electrical circuit to show inductor?

Q. 218. Comment on the voltage drop across a series connection.

Q. 219. Is it advisable to connect appliances in series connection domestically? Justify your answer.

Q. 220. 1 volt ampere is how many kW?

Q. 221. What is the nature and size of image formed by a convex lens when the object is at 2F?

Q. 222.What is the function of ciliary muscles?

Q. 223.Why is a voltmeter always connected in parallel in an electrical circuit?

Q. 224.A lamp of 100W glows for 2 hrs daily. Calculate the energy consumed in 30 days.

Q. 225. Define electroplating.

Q. 226. Name two addition and two condensation polymers.

Q. 227. What is the wavelength of visible light?

Q. 228. Where in Gujarat are wind farms located?

Q. 229. From which places is geothermal energy obtained in Gujarat?

Q. 230. What is the carbon content in anthracite?

Q. 231. Give two uses of Coke.

Q. 232. What gas is added in LPG cylinders to detect any leakage?

Q. 233. Which power station in Gujarat uses natural gas as a fuel?

Q. 234. What is the calorific value of hydrogen?

Q. 235. Which substances are used as coolants in nuclear reactors?

Q. 236. Name the moons of Saturn.

Q. 237. What are asteroids composed of?

Q. 238. How far is sun located from the galactic centre?

Q. 239. Which type of stars is found mostly in elliptical galaxies?

Q. 240. Give two properties of Rocket fuel.

Q. 241. What is the calorific vale of biogas?

Q. 242. Write the full form of GSLV.

Q. 243. Which satellite is used for weather forecasting?

Q. 244. What needs to be retrieved in Solvay’s ammonia soda process?

Q. 245. Which compound is used as an antacid?

Q. 246. Write the equation of the reaction taking place on inert anode in the electrolysis of molten NaCl.

Q. 247. Why is hydrogen used in welding metals?

Q. 248. At what temperature is rubber heated with sulphur to get vulcanized rubber?

Q. 249. What is the function of hepatic caecae found is digestive system of grasshopper?

Q. 250. During fission process what are the respective atomic masses of the elements obtained?

"KNOW ABOUT DENSITY"

2008-10-04T01:39:00.000-07:00

Density is the shortened term generally used in place of the more accurate description volumetric density.It is a measure of mass per unit volume. The S I compatible unit of density is kilograms/cubic metre. However, this a rather large unit for most purposes (iron is over 7000, wood is about 600 and even cork is over 200). A much more useful size of unit is kilograms/litre (for which the previous values then become 7, 0.6 and 0.2 respectively). This unit also has the great advantage of being numerically unchanged for grams/cubic centimetre and tonnes/cubic metre (or megagrams/cubic metre). To change any of these other units of density into their equivalent values in kilograms/litre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.

grains/gallon(UK) divide by 70 157

grains/gallon(US) divide by 58 418

grams/cubic centimetre 1

grams/litre divide by 1000 #

grams/millilitre 1

kilograms/cubic metre divide by 1000 #

megagrams/cubic metre 1

milligrams/millilitre divide by 1000 #

milligrams/litre divide by 1 000 000 #

kilograms/litre 1

ounces/cubic inch x 1.729 994 044

ounces/gallon(UK) x 0.006 236 023

ounces/gallon(US) x 0.007 489 152

pounds/cubic inch x 27.679 905

pounds/cubic foot x 0.016 018 463

pounds/gallon(UK) x 0.099 776 373

pounds/gallon(US) x 0.119 826 427

tonnes/cubic metre 1

tons(UK)/cubic yard x 1.328 939 184

tons(US)/cubic yard x 1.186 552 843

"Units Of Length"

2008-10-04T01:31:00.002-07:00

Measurment"s Unit

2008-10-04T01:07:00.000-07:00

"UNIT OF MEASURMENT"

Do you know the story of the facetious unit of beauty called the 'millihelen'? Since it is that the astonishingly beautiful Helen of Troy had 'a face that launched a thousand ships', a millihelen is a unit of beauty equal to the ability to launch one ship. None of the 153 units of measurement below is as interesting as that, but they just might be more useful, often in scientific and technical contexts. The proper unit is a tool to allow us to measure and organize the world - by length, volume, energy, or some other aspect of reality. And hey, we all love reality, don't we? I've avoided the simplest metric and imperial measures (gram, foot, metre, inch, etc.), but almost all the rest should be there.

Word Definition
aam archaic unit of liquid measure ranging from 37 to 41 gallons of wine
abampere unit equivalent to 10 amperes
abvolt unit of electrical potential equal to one hundred millionth of a volt
acre-breadth old unit of length of 22 yards
ampere unit for measuring amount of electrical current
angstrom unit of one ten-billionth of a meter
arpent unit of land area slightly smaller than an acre
astronomical unit unit of distance equal to the distance from the earth to the sun
bar unit of pressure of one million dynes per square centimeter
barleycorn old unit of length equal to one-third inch
barn unit of area measurement of particles equal to 100 square femtometres
baud unit of data transmission speed of one signal event per second
bel unit of noise intensity equal to ten decibels
butt unit of volume equal to two hogsheads or 126 gallons
calorie unit of heat or heat-producing value
candela unit of luminous intensity
carat unit of weight of precious stones equal to 200 milligrams
centner old unit of weight equal to about 110 pounds
chain unit of length equal to 22 yards
chaldron old unit of dry volume equal to between 32 and 72 bushels
clove old weight of seven to ten pounds for wool or cheese
cord unit of wood equal to 128 cubic feet
coulomb unit of electrical charge of one ampere over period of one second
cubit unit of length equal to 18 inches
curie unit of radioactive decay and intensity
cusec unit of liquid flow equal to one cubic foot per second
dalton unit of atomic mass
darcy unit of permeability of rock to various substances
dash non-specific very small unit of measurement used in cooking
decibel unit for measuring sound intensity
denier unit of yarn fineness
digit unit of length equal to 3/4 of an inch
dioptre unit of measurement of power of lens or eye
dol unit for measuring intensity of pain
dram unit of weight equal to 1/16 of an ounce
dyne unit of force to accelerate 1 gram to 1 cm per second per second
elephant large unit of paper measurement equal to 28 by 23 inches
ell old unit of length equal to 45 inches
em unit of measuring width of typeface where width of letters equals height
erg unit of work measuring force of one dyne applied over one centimeter
face-cord unit of wood measurement equal to a stack four by eight feet in volume
farad unit measuring electrical capacitance
fathom unit of length equal to six feet used to measure depth of water
fermi unit of length equal to one quadrillionth of a metre
fifth unit of measure of liquor equal to one fifth of a gallon
firkin old unit of capacity equal to one quarter of a barrel
footlambert unit of luminance of a surface emitting one lumen per square foot
fresnel unit of optical frequency equal to one terahertz
furlong unit of distance equal to 220 yards
gal unit of acceleration of one centimeter per second per second
gamma unit of magnetic flux density equal to one nanotesla
gauss unit of magnetic flux density equal to 1/10000 tesla
gilbert unit of magnetomotive force
gill unit of liquid volume equal to one-quarter pint
grain unit of weight equal to 1/7000 of a pound
gray unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation equal to 100 rads
hand unit for measuring height of horses equal to 4 inches
henry unit of electrical inductance
hertz unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second
hide old unit of land area equal to 120 acres
hobbet measure of two and a half bushels
hogshead unit of capacity equal to 63 gallons
horsepower unit of power equal to 550 foot-pounds of work per second
hundredweight unit of weight of 100 pounds (112 pounds in UK)
jansky unit of strength of radio wave emission
jiffy unit of time used in computing equal to 1/100 second; any small unit of time
joule unit of work done by force of one newton over distance of one meter
karat unit of fineness of gold equal to 1/24 part of pure gold
kelvin unit of temperature based on absolute zero, equal to 1 degree Celsius
kilderkin old unit of capacity equal to 1/2 barrel or 18 gallons
kilobase unit of measure of length of nucleic acid chain equal to 1000 base pairs
kip unit of weight equivalent to 1000 pounds
lambert unit of brightness of light
langley unit of solar radiation
league unit of distance of between 2.4 and 4.6 miles
link unit of length used by surveyors, equal to 7.92 inches
lumen unit of luminous flux
lux unit of illumination equal to one lumen per square meter
magneton unit of the quantized magnetic moment of a particle
maxwell unit of magnetic flux
mecate old Mexican measure of about one-tenth of an acre
megadeath unit of fatality equal to one million deaths
mho unit of electrical conductance
mil unit of 1/1000 inch used for measuring thickness of wire
minim unit of liquid volume equal to 1/480 fluid ounces
mnemon unit of memory, largely hypothetical
mole unit of substance equal to number of atoms as 12 grams of carbon-12
morgan unit of inferred distance between genes on a chromosome
morgen unit of land area slightly more than two acres
mutchkin old unit of liquid measurement equal to 3/4 of an imperial pint
nail old measure of two and a quarter inches
neper unit for expressing ratio of two currents or voltages
newton unit of force that accelerates 1 kilogram to 1 meter / second / second
oersted unit of magnetic field strength
ohm unit of electrical resistance of circuits
osmol unit of osmotic pressure
palm unit of length equivalent to width or length of the hand
parsec unit of interstellar distance equal to 3.26 light-years
pascal unit of pressure equal to one newton per square meter
peck unit of dry measure equal to 8 quarts
pennyweight unit of troy weight equal to 24 grains
phon unit of loudness of sound as heard by listeners
photon unit of brightness of light as received at the retina
pica unit of typeface equal to about 1/6 of an inch
pipe unit of liquid capacity equal to two hogsheads
pitch unit of typeface equal to number of characters per inch
point unit of typeface equal to 1/72 of an inch
poise unit of viscosity of liquids
pole unit of area equal to a square rod
pottle unit of liquid measurement of two quarts, or one-half gallon
poundal unit of force that accelerates 1 pound to 1 foot / second / second
probit unit of measurement of statistical probability
quad unit of energy equal to one quadrillion British thermal units
quarter unit of weight equal to 28 pounds
quintal unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms
quire unit of 24 sheets of paper
rad unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation
radian unit of plane angular measurement, approximately 57.3 degrees
rod unit of length equal to 1/320 of a mile
roentgen unit of x-radiation or gamma radiation
rood old unit of land area equal to 1/4 acre
rundlet old liquid measure equal to about 15 gallons
rutherford unit of radioactive decay equal to 1 million disintegrations per second
sabin unit of acoustic absorption of one square foot of a perfect absorber
scruple unit of weight used by apothecaries equal to 1/24 of an ounce
shake unit of one hundred millionth of a second used to measure nuclear processes
siemens unit of electrical conductance equivalent to one ampere per volt
slug unit of gravitational mass of approximately 32.174 pounds
sone unit of loudness on a scale based on subjective or perceived loudness
span unit of distance equal to handspread or nine inches
stack old unit of measure for firewood equal to 108 cubic feet
stone unit of weight equal to 14 pounds
svedberg unit of time used to measure sedimentation velocity
tesla unit of magnetic flux density equal to one weber per square meter
tex unit of measurement of fineness of fibres and yarn
therblig unit of work for quantifying industrial operations
therm unit of quantity of heat equal to 100,000 British thermal units
thirdendeal old liquid measure of three pints; one-third of anything
tod old unit of weight of wool equal to 28 pounds
tog unit of measurement for insulation properties of fabric
ton unit of cooling power equal to 12,000 BTU per hour
torr unit of pressure equal to 1/760 of standard atmospheric pressure
tun unit of liquid capacity of 252 gallons
vara unit of linear measure of between 33 and 43 inches
verst unit of distance equal to approximately 2/3 of a mile
virgate old unit of land area usually equal to 30 acres or 1/4 hide
volt unit of electrical potential difference and electromotive force
watt unit of power equal to one joule per second
weber unit of magnetic flux equal to 100 million maxwells
wey old measure for dry goods usually equal to 40 bushels
yardland unit of land area equal to 30 acres
yrneh unit of reciprocal inductance

"ALL CHEMISTRY FORMULAS"

2008-10-01T22:59:00.000-07:00

A
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
AgCl3Cu2 dicopper silver trichloride
69569-03-5
AgClO3 silver chlorate
7783-92-8
AgClO4 silver perchlorate
7783-93-9
AgF silver fluoride
7775-41-9
AgF2 silver difluoride
7775-41-9
AgI silver iodide
7783-96-2
AgIO3 silver iodate
7783-97-3
AgMnO4 silver permanganate
7783-98-4
AgN3 silver azide
13863-88-2
AgNO3 silver nitrate
7761-88-8
Ag2O silver oxide
1301-96-8
AgONC silver fulminate
5610-59-3
AgSNC silver thiocyanate
14104-20-2
Ag2C2 silver acetylide
7659-31-6
Ag2CO3 silver(I) carbonate
534-16-7
Ag2C2O4 silver oxalate
533-51-7
Ag2Cl2 silver(II) dichloride
75763-82-5
Ag2CrO4 silver chromate
7784-01-2
Ag2Cr2O7 silver dichromate
7784-02-3
Ag2F silver subfluoride
1302-01-8
Ag2MoO4 silver molybdate
13765-74-7
Ag2O silver(I) oxide
20667-12-3
Ag2S silver sulphide
21548-73-2
Ag2SO4 silver sulphate
10294-26-5
Ag2SeO3 silver selenite
7784-05-6
Ag2SeO4 silver selenate
7784-07-8
Ag2Te silver(I) telluride
12002-99-2
Ag3Br2 silver dibromide
11078-32-3
Ag3Br3 silver tribromide
11078-33-4
Ag3Cl3 silver(III) trichloride
12444-96-1
Ag3I3 silver(III) triiodide
37375-12-5
Ag3PO4 silver phosphate
7784-09-0
AlBO aluminium boron oxide
12041-48-4
AlBO2 aluminium borate
61279-70-7
AlBr aluminium monobromide
22359-97-3
AlBr3 aluminium tribromide
7727-15-3
AlCl aluminium monochloride
13595-81-8
AlClF aluminium chloride fluoride
22395-91-1
AlClF2 aluminium chloride fluoride
13814-65-8
AlClO aluminium chloride oxide
13596-11-7
AlCl2 aluminium chloride
16603-84-2
AlCl2F aluminium chloride fluoride
13497-96-6
AlCl3 aluminium trichloride
7446-70-0
AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride
17992-03-9
AlCl4K potassium tetrachloroaluminate
13821-13-1
AlCl4Na sodium tetrachloroaluminate
7784-16-9
AlCl4Rb aluminium rubidium tetrachloride
17992-02-8
AlCl6K3 potassium hexachloroaluminate
13782-08-6
AlCl6Na3 sodium hexachloroaluminate
60172-46-5
AlF aluminium monofluoride
13595-82-9
AlFO aluminium monofluoride monoxide
13596-12-8
AlF2 aluminium difluoride
13569-23-8
AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide
38344-66-0
AlF3 aluminium trifluoride
7784-18-1
AlF4K potassium tetrafluoroaluminate
14484-69-6
AlF4Li lithium tetrafluoroaluminate
15138-76-8
AlF6K3 potassium hexafluoraluminate
13775-52-5
AlF6Li3 lithium hexafluoroaluminate
13821-20-0
AlF6Na3 cryolite
15096-52-3
AlGaInP aluminium-gallium-indium phosphide

Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide
21645-51-2
AlI aluminium monoiodide
29977-41-1
AlI3 aluminium triiodide
7784-23-8
AlLiO2 lithium aluminate
12003-67-7
AlN aluminium nitride
24304-00-5
Al(NO3)3 aluminium nitrate
13473-90-0
AlNaO2 sodium aluminate
1302-42-7
AlO aluminium monoxide
14457-64-8
AlOSi aluminium silicon monoxide
37361-47-0
AlO2 aluminium oxide
11092-32-3
AlP aluminium monophosphide
20859-73-8
Al2S3 aluminium sulfide
12251-90-0
AlTe aluminium monotelluride
23330-86-1
AlTe2 monoaluminium ditelluride
39297-18-2
Al2BeO4 beryllium aluminium oxide
12004-06-7
Al2Br6 dialuminium hexabromide
18898-34-5
Al2Cl9K3 potassium aluminium chloride
74978-20-4
Al2CoO4 cobalt blue
1333-88-6
Al2F6 aluminium fluoride
17949-86-9
Al2I6 aluminium iodide
18898-35-6
Al2MgO4 magnesium aluminium oxide
12068-51-8
Al2O dialuminium monoxide
12004-36-3
Al2O2 dialuminium dioxide
12252-63-0
Al2O3 aluminium oxide
1344-28-1
Al2O5Si aluminium silicate
1302-76-7
Al2O5Si aluminium silicate
12141-46-7
Al2O5Si andalusite
12183-80-1
Al2O7Si2 aluminium silicate
1332-58-7
Al2S dialuminium monosulfide
12004-45-4
Al2S3 aluminium sulfide
1302-81-4
Al2Se dialuminium selenide
12598-14-0
Al2Te dialuminium telluride
12598-16-2
Al3F14Na5 chiolite
1302-84-7
Al6BeO10 beryllium aluminium oxide
12253-74-6
Al6O13Si2 mullite
1302-93-8
ArClF argon chloride fluoride
53169-15-6
ArClH argon chloride hydride
163731-17-7
ArFH argon fluoride hydride
163731-16-6
AsBrO arsenic oxybromide
82868-10-8
AsBr3 arsenic tribromide
7784-33-0
AsClO arsenic monoxide monochloride
14525-25-8
AsCl3 arsenic trichloride
7784-34-1
AsCl3O arsenic oxychloride
60646-36-8
AsCl4F arsenic tetrachloride fluoride
87198-15-0
AsF3 arsenic trifluoride
7784-35-2
AsF5 arsenic pentafluoride
7784-36-3
AsH3 arsine
7784-42-1
AsI3 arsenic triiodide
7784-45-4
AsO arsenic monoxide
12005-99-1
AsO2 arsenic dioxide
12255-12-8
AsP arsenic monophosphide
12255-33-3
AsP3 arsenic triphosphide
12511-95-4
AsTl thallium arsenide
12006-09-6
As2I4 arsenic diiodide
13770-56-4
As2O3 arsenic trioxide
1327-53-3
As2P2 arsenic diphosphide
12512-03-7
As2O5 arsenic pentaoxide
1303-28-2
As2S4 arsenic tetrasulfide
1303-32-8
As2S5 arsenic pentasulfide
1303-34-0
As2Se arsenic hemiselenide
1303-35-1
As2Se3 arsenic triselenide
1303-36-2
As2Se5 arsenic pentaselenide
1303-37-3
As3O4 arsenic tetraoxide
83527-53-1
As3P arsenic(III) phosphide
12512-11-7
As4O3 tetraarsenic trioxide
83527-54-2
As4O5 tetraarsenic pentaoxide
83527-55-3
As4S3 tetraarsenic trisulfide
12512-13-9
As4S4 tetraarsenic tetrasulfide
12279-90-2
AuBO gold monoboride monoxide
12588-90-8
AuBr gold bromide
10294-27-6
AuBr3 gold tribromide
10294-28-7
AuCN gold cyanide
506-65-0
AuCl gold chloride
10294-29-8
AuCl3 gold trichloride
13453-07-1
AuF3 gold trifluoride
14270-21-9
AuI gold iodide
10294-31-2
AuI3 gold(III) iodide
31032-13-0
Au(OH)3 gold hydroxide
1303-52-2
AuTe gold telluride
37043-71-3
Au2O3 gold trioxide
1303-58-8
Au2S gold sulphide
1303-60-2
Au2S3 gold trisulfide
1303-61-3
Au2(SeO4)3 gold triselenate
10294-32-3
Au2Se3 gold triselenide
1303-62-4
[edit] B
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
BAs boron arsenide
12005-69-5
BAsO4 boron(III) arsenate

BBr3 boron tribromide
10294-33-4
BCl3 boron trichloride
10294-34-5
BF3 boron trifluoride
7637-07-2
BI3 boron iodide
13517-10-7
BN boron nitride
10043-11-5
B(OH)3 boric acid
10043-35-3
BP boron(III) phosphide
20205-91-8
BPO4 boron(III) orthophosphate
13308-51-5
B2Cl4 boron chloride
13701-67-2
B2F4 boron fluoride
13965-73-6
B2H6 boron balls hydride
19287-45-7
B2O3 boron(III) oxide
1303-86-2
B2S3 boron sulfide
12007-33-9
B3N3H6 borazine
6569-51-3
B4C boron carbide
12069-32-8
Ba(AlO2)2 barium aluminate
12004-04-5
Ba(AsO3)2 barium arsenite
125687-68-5
Ba(AsO4)2 barium arsenate
56997-31-0
BaB6 barium hexaboride
12046-08-1
Ba(BrO3)2•H2O barium bromate - monohydrate
10326-26-8
Ba(BrO3)2•2H2O barium bromate - dihydrate

BaBr2 barium bromide
10553-31-8
Ba(CHO2)2 barium formate
541-43-5
Ba(CN)2 barium cyanide
524-62-1
Ba(C2H3O2)2 barium acetate
543-80-6
BaC2O4 barium oxalate
516-02-9
BaC4 barium carbide
50813-65-5
BaCO3 barium carbonate
witherite
513-77-9
Ba(ClO4)2 barium perchlorate
13465-95-7
BaCl2 barium chloride
10361-37-2
BaCrO4 barium chromate
barium chromate(VI) 10294-40-3
BaF2 barium fluoride
7787-32-8
BaFeSi4O10 gillespite

BaHgI4 barium tetraiodomercurate(II)
10048-99-4
BaI2 barium iodide
13718-50-8
BaK2(CrO4)2 barium potassium chromate
27133-66-0
BaMnO4 barium manganate
7787-35-1
Ba(MnO4)2 barium permanganate
7787-36-2
BaMoO4 barium molybdate
7787-37-3
BaN6 barium azide
18810-58-7
Ba(NO2)2 barium nitrite
13465-94-6
Ba(NO3)2 barium nitrate
10022-31-8
Ba(NbO3)2 barium niobate
12009-14-2
BaNb2O6 barium metaniobate
12009-14-2
BaO barium oxide
1304-28-5
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
baryta 17194-00-2
BaO2 barium dioxide
1304-29-6
Ba(PO3)2 barium metaphosphate
13466-20-1
BaS barium sulfide
21109-95-5
Ba(SCN)2 barium thiocyanate
2092-17-3
BaS2O3 barium thiosulfate
35112-53-9
BaSiF6 barium hexafluorosilicate
17125-80-3
BaSO3 barium sulfite
7787-39-5
BaSO4 barium sulfate
barite
7787-43-7
BaSe barium selenide
1304-39-8
BaSeO3 barium selenite
13718-59-7
BaSeO4 barium selenate
7787-41-9
BaSiO3 barium metasilicate
13255-26-0
BaSi2 barium silicide
1304-40-1
BaSi2O5 barium disilicate
12650-28-1
BaSn3 barium stannate
12009-18-6
BaTeO3 barium tellurite
58440-17-8
BaTeO4•3H2O barium tellurate - trihydrate
28557-54-2
BaTiO3 barium titanate
barium metatitanate 12047-27-7
BaU2O7 barium uranium oxide
10380-31-1
BaWO4 barium tungstate
7787-42-0
BaZrO3 barium zirconate
12009-21-1
Ba2Na(NbO3)5 barium sodium niobate
12323-03-4
Ba2P2O7 barium pyrophosphate
13466-21-2
Ba2V2O7 barium pyrovanadate

Ba2XeO6 barium perxenate

Ba3(CrO4)2 barium chromate(V)
12345-14-1
Ba3N2 barium nitride
12047-79-9
Ba3(PO4)2 barium orthophosphate

Ba3(VO4)2 barium orthovandate
39416-30-3
BeB2 beryllium boride
12228-40-9
Be(BH4)2 beryllium borohydride
17440-85-6
BeBr2 beryllium bromide
7787-46-4
Be(CHO2)2 beryllium formate
1111-71-3
Be(C2H3O2)2 beryllium acetate
543-81-7
Be(C5H7O2)2 beryllium acetylacetonate
10210-64-7
BeCl2 beryllium chloride
7787-47-5
BeF2 beryllium fluoride
7787-49-7
BeI2 beryllium iodide
7787-53-3
BeO beryllium oxide
bromellite
1304-56-9
Be(OH)2 beryllium hydroxide
13327-32-7
BeS beryllium sulfide
13598-22-6
BeSO4 beryllium sulfate
13510-49-1
Be2C beryllium carbide
506-66-1
Be3N2 beryllium nitride
1304-54-7
BiBO3 bismuth(III) orthoborate

BiBr3 bismuth(III) bromide
7787-58-8
Bi(C2H3O2)3 bismuth(III) acetate
22306-37-2
BiC6H5O7 bismuth(III) citrate
813-93-4
BiCl3 bismuth(III) chloride
7787-60-2
BiF3 bismuth(III) fluoride
7787-61-3
BiI3 bismuth(III) iodide
7787-64-6
Bi(NO3)3•5H2O bismuth(III) nitrate - pentahydrate
10035-06-0
BiOCl bismuth(III) oxychloride
7787-59-9
BiOI bismuth(III) oxyiodide
7787-63-5
(BiO)2CO3 bismuth oxycarbonate
5892-10-4
BiPO4 bismuth(III) orthophosphate
10049-01-1
Bi(VO3)5 bismuth(III) metavanadate

Bi2Se3 bismuth(III) selenide
bismuth selenide 12068-69-8
Bi2(MoO4)3 bismuth(III) molybdate
13565-96-3
Bi2O3 bismuth(III) oxide
1304-76-3
Bi2S3 bismuth(III) sulfide
bismuthinite 1345-07-9
Bi2Se3 bismuth(III) selenide
12068-69-8
BrCl bromine chloride
13863-41-7
BrO3− bromate ion
15541-45-4
Br2 bromine
7726-95-6
[edit] C
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
CCl2F2 dichlorodifluoromethane
freon-12
75-71-8
CCl4 carbon tetrachloride
tetrachloromethane 56-23-5
CFCl3 freon-11
75-69-4
CFCl2CF2Cl freon-13

CHCl3 chloroform
trichloromethane
methyl trichloride 67-66-3
CHO2− formate ion

CH2CHCHCH2 1,3-butadiene
106-99-0
CH2CO ketene

CH2ClCOOH chloroacetic acid

CH2Cl2 dichloromethane
75-09-2
CH2O formaldehyde
19710-56-6
CH2OHCH2OH ethylene glycol

CH3CCH propyne

CH3CHCHCH3 2-butene

CH3CHCH2 propene

CH3CHO acetaldehyde

CH3CH2Br bromoethane

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH butan-1-ol

CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol
propan-1-ol
CH3CH2CONH2 propanamide

CH3CH2COOH propionic acid

CH3CH2OCH2CH3 diethyl ether
ethoxyethane
CH3CH2OH ethanol

CH3(CH2)16COOH stearic acid

CH3COCH3 acetone

CH3COCl acetyl chloride

CH3CONH2 acetamide
ethanamide
CH3COO− acetate ion

CH3COOCHCH2 vinyl acetate

CH3COOCH2C6H5 benzyl acetate

CH3COO(CH2)2CH(CH3)2 isoamyl acetate

CH3COOH acetic acid
ethanoic acid
CH3Cl chloromethane
methyl chloride 74-87-3
CH3I iodomethane
methyl iodide 74-88-4
CH3OCH3 dimethyl ether

CH3OH methanol

CH3SCH3 dimethyl sulfide
DMS
CH3SH methanethiol

(CH3)2CHOH isopropyl alcohol
2-propanol
propan-2-ol
isopropanol
(CH3)2CO acetone

(CH3)2C2O4 dimethyl oxalate

(CH3)2NNH2 dimethyl hydrazine

(CH3)2S+CH2CH2COO− dimethylsulfoniopropionate
DMSP
(CH3)3CCl t-butyl chloride

(CH)3COH t-butyl alcohol

(CH3)3COOC(CH3)3 di-t-butyl peroxide
DTBP
CH4 methane
natural gas 74-82-8
CN− cyanide ion

C(NH2)3NO3 guanidine nitrate

CNO− cyanate ion

CO carbon monoxide
630-08-0
COCl2 phosgene
75-44-5
CO2 carbon dioxide
124-38-9
CO3 carbon trioxide

CO32− carbonate ion

CS2 carbon disulfide
75-15-0
C2F4 tetrafluoroethylene
116-14-3
C2H2 acetylene
74-86-2
C2H3Cl vinyl chloride
75-01-4
C2H3O2− acetate ion

C2H4 ethylene
74-85-1
C2H4Cl2 ethylene dichloride
107-06-2
C2H4O2 acetic acid
64-19-7
C2H5Br bromoethane
74-96-4
C2H5NH2 ethylamine

C2H5NO2 glycine
Gly 56-40-6
C2H5O− ethoxide ion

C2H5OH ethanol
ethyl alcohol
(C2H5)2NH diethylamine

C2H6 ethane
74-84-0
C2H6OS dimethyl sulfoxide
DMSO 67-68-5
C2O42− oxalate ion

C3H3O4− malonate ion

C3H5(NO3)3 nitroglycerine

C3H6 cyclopropane
75-19-4
propylene
115-07-1
C3H7NO2 alanine
Ala 56-41-7
C3H7NO2S cysteine
Cys 52-90-4
C3H7NO3 serine
Ser 56-45-1
C3H8 propane
74-98-6
C3H8O propanol
1-propanol 71-23-8
2-propanol 67-63-0
C3N3(OH)3 cyanuric acid

C3N12 cyanuric triazide
5637-83-2
C4H7BrO2 2-bromobutyric acid
80-58-0
4-bromobutyric acid
2623-87-2
α-bromoisobutyric acid
2052-01-9
ethyl bromoacetate
105-36-2
C4H7NO4 aspartic acid
Asp 56-84-8
C4H8 cyclobutane
287-23-0
C4H8N2O3 asparagine
Asn 70-47-3
C4H8O tetrahydrofuran
THF 109-99-9
C4H9NO3 threonine
Thr 72-19-5
C4H9OH butyl alcohol

C4H10 butane
106-97-8
2-methylpropane 75-28-5
C4H10O diethyl ether
60-29-7
C5H4NCOOH niacin

C5H5− cyclopentadienyl anion

C5H5N pyridine
110-86-1
C5H9NO2 proline
Pro 147-85-3
C5H9NO4 glutamic acid
Glu 56-86-0
C5H10 cyclopentane
287-92-3
C5H10N2O3 glutamine
Gln 56-85-9
C5H10O4 deoxyribose
533-67-5
C5H11NO2 valine
Val 660-88-8
C5H11NO2S methionine
Met 25343-91-3
C5H12 pentane
109-66-0
C6F5COOH pentafluorobenzoic acid

C6H4O2 orthobenzoquinone 583-63-1
parabenzoquinone
quinone
106-51-4
C6H5CHO benzaldehyde

C6H5CH2OH benzyl alcohol

C6H5COCl benzoyl chloride

C6H5COO− benzoate ion

C6H5COOH benzoic acid
65-85-0
C6H5F fluorobenzene
462-06-6
C6H5OH phenol

C6H5O73− citrate ion

(C6H5)4Ge tetraphenylgermane

C6H6 benzene
71-43-2
C6H6O2
(benzenediols)
catechol
120-80-9
hydroquinone
123-31-9
resorcinol
108-46-3
C6H8O7 citric acid
77-92-9
C6H9N3O2 histidine
His 71-00-1
C6H10O3 4-acetylbutyric acid
3128-06-1
butyl glyoxylate
6295-06-3
ethyl acetoacetate
141-97-9
2-hydroxypropyl acrylate
25584-83-2
pantolactone
599-04-2
propyl pyruvate

C6H12 cyclohexane
110-82-7
C6H12O6 fructose
7660-25-5
glucose
50-99-7
C6H13NO N-ethylmorpholine
1119-29-5
C6H13NO2 isoleucine
Ile 73-32-5
leucine
Leu 61-90-5
C6H14 hexane
110-54-3
C6H14N2O2 lysine
Lys 56-87-1
C6H14N4O2 arginine
Arg 74-79-3
C7H8 toluene
108-88-3
C7H16 heptane
142-82-5
C8H8 cubane
277-10-1
C8H9NO2 acetaminophen
103-90-2
C8H18 octane
111-65-9
C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid
aspirin
50-78-2
C9H11NO2 phenylalanine
Phe 63-91-2
C9H11NO3 tyrosine
Tyr 31330-59-3
C9H20 nonane
111-84-2
C10H8 naphthalene
91-20-3
C10H15ON ephedrine
56370-30-0
C10H16O camphor
76-22-2
C10H22 decane
124-18-5
C11H12N2O2 tryptophan
Trp 73-22-3
C11H24 undecane
1120-21-4
C12H10 biphenyl
92-52-4
C12H22O11 maltose
69-79-4
sucrose
57-50-1
C12H26 dodecane
112-40-3
C13H10O benzophenone
119-61-9
C13H12O β-ionone
2484-16-4
C13H28 tridecane
629-50-5
C14H10 anthracene
120-12-7
C14H18N2O5 aspartame
81-14-1
C14H30 tetradecane
629-59-4
C15H32 pentadecane
629-62-9
C16H34 hexadecane
544-76-3
C17H36 heptadecane
629-78-7
C18H32O2 linoleic acid
60-33-3
C18H36O2 stearic acid
57-11-4
C18H38 octadecane
593-45-3
C19H40 nonadecane
629-92-5
C20H24O2N2 quinine
130-95-0
C20H42 eicosane
112-95-8
C21H36N7O16P3S Coenzyme A
31416-98-5
C164H256Na2O68S2 maitotoxin
59392-53-9
Cl2O8 Chlorine octaoxide

[edit] Ca-Cu
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
CaB6 calcium boride
12007-99-7
CaBr2 calcium bromide
7789-41-5
CaCN2 flubbacheese
156-62-7
Ca(CN)2 calcium cyanide
592-01-8
CaCO3 calcium carbonate
spent lime
calcite
limestone
marble
471-34-1
CaC2 calcium carbide
75-20-7
Ca(CHO2)2 calcium formate
544-17-2
Ca(C2H3O2)2 calcium acetate
62-54-4
CaC2O4 calcium oxalate
563-72-4
CaCl2 calcium chloride
10043-52-4
Ca(ClO3)2 calcium chlorate
10137-74-3
Ca(ClO4)2 calcium perchlorate
13477-36-6
CaF2 calcium fluoride
fluorite 7789-75-5
CaH2 calcium hydride
7789-78-8
Ca(H2PO2)2 calcium hypophosphite
7789-79-9
CaI2 calcium iodide
10102-68-8
Ca(IO3)2 calcium iodate
7789-80-2
CaMoO4 calcium molybdate
7789-82-4
Ca(NO2)2 calcium nitrite
13780-06-8
Ca(NO3)2 calcium nitrate
10124-37-5
Ca(NO3)2 • 4H2O Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate
13477-34-4
Ca(NbO3)2 calcium metaniobate

CaO quicklime
calcium oxide
burnt lime 1305-78-8
Ca(OCl)2 calcium hypochlorite

Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
slaked lime 1305-62-0
CaO2 calcium peroxide
1305-79-9
CaS calcium sulfide
hepar calcies
sulfurated lime
oldhamite 20548-54-3
CaSO4 calcium sulfate
whiskers crystal 7778-18-9
CaSO4 • 0.5H2O plaster of paris
calcium sulfate hemihydrate 10034-76-1
CaSe calcium selenide
1305-84-6
CaSeO3 calcium selenite

CaSeO4 calcium selenate

CaSiO3 calcium metasilicate
wollastonite
1344-95-2
CaTe calcium telluride
12013-57-9
CaTeO3 calcium tellurite

CaTeO4 calcium tellurate

CaTiO3 calcium titanate
12049-50-2
Ca(VO3)2 calcium metavanadate

Ca(VO4)2 calcium orthovanadate

CaWO4 calcium tungstate
7790-75-2
Ca3N2 calcium nitride
12013-82-0
Ca3P2 calcium phosphide
1305-99-3
CdBr2 cadmium bromide
7789-42-6
Cd(CN)2 cadmium cyanide
542-83-6
CdCO3 cadmium carbonate
513-78-0
Cd(C2H3O2)2 cadmium acetate
543-90-8
CdC2O4 cadmium oxalate
814-88-0
CdCl2 cadmium chloride
10108-64-2
CdCrO4 cadmium chromate
14312-00-6
CdF2 cadmium fluoride
7790-79-6
CdI2 cadmium iodide
7790-80-9
Cd(IO3)2 cadmium iodate
7790-81-0
CdMoO4 cadmium molybdate
13972-68-4
Cd(NO3)2 cadmium nitrate
10325-94-7
Cd(N3)2 cadmium azide
14215-29-3
CdO cadmium oxide
1306-19-0
Cd(OH)2 cadmium hydroxide
21041-95-2
CdS cadmium sulfide
greenockite 1306-23-6
CdSO3 cadmium sulfite

CdSO4 cadmium sulfate
10124-36-4
CdSb cadmium antimonide
12014-29-8
CdSe cadmium selenide
cadmoselite 1306-24-7
CdSeO3 cadmium selenite

CdSiO3 cadmium metasilicate
13477-19-5
Cd(TaO3)2 cadmium metatantalate

CdTe cadmium telluride
1306-25-8
CdTeO4 cadmium tellurate

CdTiO3 cadmium titanate
12104-14-1
CdWO4 cadmium tungstate
7790-85-4
CdZrO3 cadmium metazirconate

Cd2Nb2O7 cadmium niobate
12187-14-3
Cd3As2 cadmium arsenide
12006-15-4
Cd3P2 cadmium phopshide
1214-28-7
Cd3(PO4)2 cadmium phosphate

CeB6 cerium boride
12008-02-5
CeBr3 cerium(III) bromide
14457-87-5
CeC cerium carbide
12012-32-7
CeCl3 cerium(III) chloride
7790-86-5
CeF3 cerium(III) fluoride
7758-88-5
CeF4 cerium(IV) fluoride
7758-88-5
CeI2 cerium(II) iodide
19139-47-0
CeI3 cerium(III) iodide
7790-87-6
CeN cerium nitride
25764-08-3
CeO2 cerium(IV) oxide
cerianite 1306-38-3
CeS cerium(II) sulfide
12014-82-3
Ce(SO4)2 cerium(IV) sulfate

CeSi2 cerium silicide
12014-85-6
Ce2C3 cerium(III) carbide
12115-63-8
Ce2O3 cerium(III) oxide
1345-13-7
Ce2S3 cerium(III) sulfide
12014-93-6
ClF chlorine fluoride
7790-89-8
ClF3 chlorine trifluoride
7790-91-2
ClF5 chlorine pentafluoride
13637-63-3
ClOClO3 chlorine perchlorate
27218-16-2
ClO2 chlorine dioxide
10049-04-4
ClO3F chlorine trioxide fluoride
7616-94-6
Cl2 chlorine
7782-50-5
Cl2O3 chlorine trioxide
17496-59-2
Cl2O6 chlorine hexoxide
12442-63-6
Cl2O7 chlorine heptoxide
10294-48-1
CoAl2O4 cobalt(II) aluminate
13820-62-7
CoAs cobalt arsenide
27016-73-5
CoAs2 cobalt(II) arsenide
12044-42-7
CoB cobalt(II) boride
12006-77-8
CoBr2 cobalt(II) bromide
7789-43-7
Co(CN)2 cobalt(II) cyanide
542-84-7
Co(C2H3O2)2 cobalt(II) acetate
71-48-7
Co(C2H3O2)3 cobalt(III) acetate
917-69-1
CoC2O4 cobalt(II) oxalate
814-89-1
Co(ClO4)2 cobalt(II) perchlorate
13455-31-7
CoCl2 cobalt(II) chloride
7646-79-9
CoCrO4 cobalt(II) chromate
24613-38-5
CoCr2O4 cobalt(II) chromite
13455-25-9
CoF2 cobalt(II) fluoride
10026-17-2
CoF3 cobalt(III) fluoride
10026-18-3
Co(IO3)2 cobalt(II) iodate
13455-28-2
CoI2 cobalt(II) iodide
15238-00-3
CoMoO4 cobalt(II) molybdate
13762-14-6
Co(NO3)2 cobalt(II) nitrate
10141-05-6
Co(NO3)3 cobalt(III) nitrate
15520-84-0
CoO cobalt(II) oxide
1307-96-6
Co(OH)2 cobalt(II) hydroxide
21041-93-0
Co(OH)3 cobalt(III) hydroxide
1307-86-4
CoS cobalt(II) sulfide
1317-42-6
CoS2 cobalt disulfide
12013-10-4
CoSb cobalt antimonide
12052-42-5
CoSe cobalt(II) selenide
1307-99-9
CoSeO3 cobalt(II) selenite

CoTe cobalt(II) telluride
12017-13-9
CoTiO3 cobalt(II) titanate
12017-01-5
CoWO4 cobalt(II) tungstate
12640-47-0
Co2B cobalt boride
12045-01-1
Co2SO4 cobalt(II) sulfate
10124-43-3
Co2S3 cobalt(III) sulfide
1332-71-4
Co2SiO4 cobalt(II) orthosilicate
12017-08-2
Co2SnO4 cobalt(II) stannate
12139-93-4
Co2TiO4 cobalt(II) titanite
12017-38-8
Co3(Fe(CN)6)2 cobalt(II) ferricyanide
14049-81-1
CrBr2 chromium(II) bromide
10049-25-9
CrBr3 chromium(III) bromide
10031-25-1
CrCl2 chromium(II) chloride
10049-05-5
CrCl3 chromium(III) chloride
10025-73-7
CrCl4 chromium(IV) chloride
15597-88-3
CrF2 chromium(II) fluoride
10049-10-2
CrF3 chromium(III) fluoride
7788-97-8
CrF4 chromium(IV) fluoride
10049-11-3
CrF5 chromium(V) fluoride
13843-28-2
CrF6 chromium(VI) fluoride
13843-28-2
CrI2 chromium(II) iodide
13478-28-9
CrI3 chromium(III) iodide
13569-75-0
Cr(NO3)3 chromium(III) nitrate
13548-38-4
CrO2 chromium(IV) oxide
12018-01-8
CrO3 chromium(VI) oxide
1333-82-0
CrO42− chromate ion

CrO2Cl2 chromium(VI) oxychloride
14977-61-8
CrPO4 chromium(III) phosphate
7789-04-0
CrSb chromium antimonide
12053-12-2
CrVO4 chromium(III) orthovanadate

Cr2O3 chromium(III) oxide
eskolaite 1308-38-9
Cr2(SO4)3 chromium(III) sulfate
10101-53-8
Cr2S3 chromium(III) sulfide
12018-22-3
Cr2Se3 chromium(III) selenide

Cr2(TeO4)3 chromium(III) tellurate

Cr2Te3 chromium(III) telluride
12053-39-3
Cr3As2 chromium(II) arsenide

Cr3C2 chromium(II) carbide
12012-35-0
Cr3Sb2 chromium(II) antimonide

Cr3Si2 chromium(II) silicide

CsBO2 caesium borate
92141-86-1
CsBr caesium bromide
7787-69-1
CsBrO3 caesium bromate
13454-75-6
CsBr3 caesium tribromide

CsCN caesium cyanide
21159-32-0
CsC2H3O2 caesium acetate
3396-11-0
CsCl caesium chloride
7647-17-8
CsClO3 caesium chlorate
13763-67-2
CsClO4 caesium perchlorate
13454-84-7
CsF caesium fluoride
13400-13-0
CsI caesium iodide
7789-17-5
CsI3 caesium triiodide

CsNH2 caesium amide
22205-57-8
CsNO3 caesium nitrate
7789-18-6
CsN3 caesium azide
22750-57-8
CsNbO3 caesium metaniobate

CsOH caesium hydroxide
21351-79-1
CsO2 caesium superoxide
12018-61-0
Cs2S caesium sulfide
12214-16-3
CsSCN caesium thiocyanate

CsSeO4 caesium selenate

CsTaO3 caesium metatantalate

Cs2CO3 caesium carbonate
29703-01-3
Cs2C2O4 caesium oxalate

Cs2CrO4 caesium chromate

Cs2Cr2O7 caesium dichromate

Cs2HPO4 caesium hydrogen orthophosphate

Cs2MoO4 caesium molybdate
13597-64-3
Cs2O caesium oxide
20281-00-9
Cs2SO3 caesium sulfite

Cs2SO4 caesium sulfate
10294-54-9
Cs2SiO3 caesium metasilicate

Cs2TeO4 caesium tellurate

Cs2TiO3 caesium titanate
caesium metatitanate
Cs2WO4 caesium orthotungstate

Cs3PO4 caesium orthophosphate

Cs3VO4 caesium orthovanadate

CuBr copper(I) bromide
7787-70-4
Cu(BrO3)2 • 6H2O copper(II) bromate - hexahydrate

CuBr2 copper(II) bromide

CuC2O4 copper oxalate

CuCl copper(I) chloride
7758-89-6
Cu(ClO3)2 • 6H2O copper(II) chlorate - hexahydrate

CuCl2 copper(II) chloride
7447-39-4
CuFeS2 copper iron sulfide
chalcopyrite

CuFe2O4 copper(II) iron(II) oxide

CuFe2S3 copper iron sulfide
cubanite
[Cu(H2O)4]SO4 • H2O blue vitriol

CuI copper(I) iodide
7681-65-4
CuIO3 copper(I) iodate

Cu(IO3)2 copper(II) iodate

CuMoO4 copper(II) orthomolybdate

Cu(NO3)2 copper(II) nitrate

Cu(NO3)2 • 3H2O copper(II) nitrate - trihydrate

Cu(NO3)2 • 6H2O copper(II) nitrate - hexahydrate
10294-41-4
Cu(NbO3)2 copper(II) orthoniobate

CuO copper(II) oxide
1317-38-0
Cu(OH)2 copper(II) hydroxide

CuS copper(II) sulfide
covellite
1317-40-4
CuSCN copper(I) thiocyanate

CuSO4 copper(II) sulfate
7758-98-7
CuSO4 • 5H2O copper(II) sulfate - pentahydrate

CuSe copper(II) selenide

CuSeO3 • 2H2O copper(II) selenite - dihydrate

CuSeO4 • 5H2O copper(II) selenate - pentahydride

CuSiO3 copper(II) metasilicate

CuTe copper(II) telluride

CuTeO3 copper(II) tellurite

CuTiO3 copper(II) metatitanate

Cu(VO3)2 copper(II) metavanadate

CuWO4 copper(II) orthotungstate

Cu2CO3(OH)2 malachite

Cu2S copper(I) sulfide
chalcocite

Cu2Se copper(I) selenide

Cu2Te copper(I) telluride

Cu3As copper(I) arsenide

Cu3P copper(I) phosphide

Cu3(PO4)2 copper(II) phosphate

Cu3Sb copper(III) antimonide

Cu9S5 copper sulfide
digenite
[edit] D
Chemical formula Synonyms
DBr deuterium bromide
DI deuterium iodide

DLi lithium deuteride

DNa sodium deuteride
- D2O deuterium oxide
heavy water

D3O trideuterium oxide
- DyBr3 dysprosium(III) bromide

DyCl2 dysprosium(II) chloride
- DyCl3 dysprosium(III) chloride
- |- DySi2 dysprosium(II) silicide
- Dy2O3 dysprosium(III) oxide
Dy2S3 dysprosium(III) sulfide

[edit] E
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
ErF erbium monofluoride
16087-67-5
ErF2 erbium difluoride
16087-65-3
ErF3 erbium trifluoride
13760-83-3
ErI3 erbium triiodide
13813-42-8
ErI4Na erbium sodium tetraiodide
129863-13-4
ErO erbium monoxide
12280-61-4
EuF europium monofluoride
17209-60-8
EuF3 europium trifluoride
13765-25-8
EuI2 europium diiodide
22015-35-6
EuNbO2 europium niobium dioxide
107069-78-3
EuNb2O6 europium diniobium hexaoxide
55216-32-5
EuO europium monoxide
12020-60-9
EuO2V monoeuropium monovandium dioxide
88762-30-5
EuO3Ti europium titanium trioxide
12020-61-0
EuO3V europium metavanadate
39432-21-8
EuO4W europium tungsten tetraoxide
13537-12-7
EuS europium monosulfide
12020-65-4
EuS2 europium disulfide
55957-42-1
Eu2O dieuropium monoxide
62462-47-9
Eu2O2 dieuropium dioxide
62462-48-0
Eu2S dieuropium monosulfide
62462-49-1
Eu2S2 dieuropium disulfide
62462-51-5
[edit] F
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
F2Fe iron fluoride
41428-55-1
FGa gallium monofluoride
13966-78-4
FGaO gallium monofluoride monoxide
15586-66-0
FGd gadolinium monofluoride
12259-18-6
FGe germanium monofluoride
14929-46-5
FHg mercury fluoride
27575-47-9
FHo holmium monofluoride
16087-66-4
FI iodine monofluoride
13873-84-2
FI2 monofluorodiiodine
58751-33-0
FIn indium monofluoride
13966-95-5
FLa lanthanum monofluoride
13943-44-7
FLi lithium fluoride
7789-24-4
FLiO lithium hypofluorite
34240-84-1
FLi2 dilithium monofluoride
50644-69-4
FMg magnesium monofluoride
14953-28-7
FMn monomanganese monofluoride
13569-25-0
FMnO3 manganese fluoride trioxide
15586-97-7
FMo molybdenum monofluoride
60388-18-3
FN fluoroimidogen
13967-06-1
FNO nitrosyl fluoride
7789-25-5
FNO2 nitryl fluoride
10022-50-1
FNO3 fluorine nitrate
7789-26-6
FNS thiazyl fluoride
18820-63-8
FNa sodium fluoride
7681-49-4
FNa2 disodium monofluoride
87331-13-3
FNd neodymium monofluoride
13940-77-7
FO oxygen monofluoride
12061-70-0
FOTh thorium monofluoride monoxide
19797-90-1
FOTi titanium fluoride oxide
17497-75-5
FO2 dioxygen monofluoride
15499-23-7
FO3S fluorosulfate radical
21549-02-0
FP phosphorus monofluoride
16027-92-2
FPS phosphenothious fluoride
55753-39-4
FPS2 phosphenodithioic fluoride
137649-46-8
FPb lead monofluoride
14986-72-2
FPu plutonium monofluoride
20882-16-0
FRb rubidium fluoride
13446-74-7
FS monosulfur monofluoride
16068-96-5
FSc scandium monofluoride
14017-33-5
FSm samarium monofluoride
17209-59-5
FSn tin monofluoride
13966-74-0
FSr strontium monofluoride
13569-27-2
FTh thorium monofluoride
51686-34-1
FTi titanium fluoride
18025-22-4
FTl thallium monofluoride
7789-27-7
FW tungsten monofluoride
51621-16-0
FXe xenon monofluoride
16757-14-5
FY yttrium monofluoride
13981-88-9
FZr zirconium fluoride
13569-28-3
F2 fluorine
7782-41-4
F2Fe ferrous fluoride
7789-28-8
F2Ga gallium difluoride
51777-79-8
F2Gd gadolinium difluoride
12259-19-7
F2Ge germanium difluoride
13940-63-1
F2GeO difluorogermanone
72190-38-6
F2Hg mercury fluoride
7783-39-3
F2Hg2 mercury fluoride
13967-25-4
F2Ho holmium difluoride
16087-64-2
F2IP difluoroiodophosphine
13819-11-9
F2K2 dipotassium difluoride
12285-62-0
F2Kr krypton difluoride
13773-81-4
F2La lanthanum difluoride
15948-68-2
F2Li2 lithium fluoride
12265-82-6
F2Mg magnesium fluoride
7783-40-6
F2Mn manganese difluoride
7782-64-1
F2Mo molybdenum difluoride
20205-60-1
F2MoO2 molybdenum difluoride dioxide
13824-57-2
F2N difluoroamino radical
3744-07-8
F2N2O nitrosodifluoroamine
14984-78-2
F2Na2 disodium difluoride
12285-64-2
F2Nd neodymium difluoride
13940-76-6
F2Ni nickel difluoride
10028-18-9
F2O difluorine monoxide
7783-41-7
F2OS thionyl fluoride
7783-42-8
F2OSi difluorooxosilane
14041-22-6
F2OTi titanium fluoride oxide
13537-16-1
F2O2 perfluoroperoxide
7783-44-0
F2O2S sulfuryl fluoride
2699-79-8
F2O2W tungsten difluoride dioxide
14118-73-1
F2O5S3 peroxydisulfuryl difluoride

F2P phosphorus difluoride
13873-52-4
F2Pb lead difluoride
7783-46-2
F2Pt platinum difluoride
18820-56-9
F2Pu plutonium difluoride
20882-15-9
F2S sulfur difluoride
13814-25-0
F2SW tungsten difluoride monosulfide
41831-78-1
F2S2 difluorodisulfane
13709-35-8
F2S2 thiothionyl fluoride
16860-99-4
F2S2 thiothionyl fluoride
101947-30-2
F2S2W tungsten difluoride disulfide
41831-81-6
F2Sc scandium difluoride
14017-34-6
F2Se selenium difluoride
70421-43-1
F2Si difluorosilylene
13966-66-0
F2Sn tin difluoride
7783-47-3
F2Sr strontium fluoride
7783-48-4
F2Th thorium difluoride
28844-11-3
F2Ti titanium difluoride
13814-20-5
F2Tl2 dithallium difluoride
31970-97-5
F2W tungsten difluoride
33963-15-4
F2Xe xenon difluoride
13709-36-9
F2Y yttrium difluoride
13981-89-0
F2Zn zinc difluoride
7783-49-5
F2Zr zirconium fluoride
13842-94-9
F3Fe iron trifluoride
7783-50-8
F3Ga gallium trifluoride
7783-51-9
F3Gd gadolinium trifluoride
13765-26-9
F3Ho holmium trifluoride
13760-78-6
F3La lanthanum trifluoride
13709-38-1
F3Li3 trilithium trifluoride
110682-19-4
F3Lu lutetium trifluoride
13760-81-1
F3Mn manganese trifluoride
7783-53-1
F3Mo molybdenum trifluoride
20193-58-2
F3MoO molybdenum trifluoride oxide
22529-29-9
F3MoS molybdenum trifluoride sulfide
67374-76-9
F3N nitrogen trifluoride
7783-54-2
F3NO nitrogen trifluoride oxide
13847-65-9
F3NO2S difluoroaminosulfonyl fluoride
13709-30-3
F3NO3S difluoraminooxysulfonyl fluoride
6816-12-2
F3NS thiazyl trifluoride
15930-75-3
F3NaSn sodium trifluorostannate
13782-22-4
F3Nd neodymium trifluoride
13709-42-7
F3OP phosphoryl fluoride
13478-20-1
F3OTa tantalum monoxide trifluoride
20263-47-2
F3OV vanadium trifluoride oxide
13709-31-4
F3P phosphorus trifluoride
7783-55-3
F3PS thiophosphoryl fluoride
2404-52-6
F3Pr praseodymium trifluoride
13709-46-1
F3Pu plutonium trifluoride
13842-83-6
F3Rh rhodium fluoride
60804-25-3
F3S sulfur trifluoride
30937-38-3
F3SW tungsten trifluoride monosulfide
41831-79-2
F3Sb antimony trifluoride
7783-56-4
F3Sc scandium fluoride
13709-47-2
F3Si trifluorosilyl radical
14835-14-4
F3Sm samarium trifluoride
13765-24-7
F3Tb terbium trifluoride
13708-63-9
F3Th thorium trifluoride
13842-84-7
F3Ti titanium trifluoride
13470-08-1
F3Tl thallium trifluoride
7783-57-5
F3Tm thulium trifluoride
13760-79-7
F3W tungsten trifluoride
51621-17-1
F3Y yttrium trifluoride
13709-49-4
F3Yb ytterbium trifluoride
13760-80-0
F3Zr zirconium trifluoride
13814-22-7
F4Ge germanium tetrafluoride
7783-58-6
F4Ge2 digermanium tetrafluoride
12332-08-0
F4Hf hafnium fluoride
13709-52-9
F4Mg2 dimagnesium tetrafluoride
56450-89-6
F4Mg2 magnesium fluoride
58790-41-3
F4Mo molybdenum tetrafluoride
23412-45-5
F4MoO molybdenum tetrafluoride oxide
14459-59-7
F4MoS molybdenum tetrafluoride monosulfide
70487-60-4
F4N2 tetrafluorohydrazine
10036-47-2
F4Na2Sn disodium tetrafluorostannate
15007-55-3
F4OOs osmium oxide tetrafluoride
38448-58-7
F4OP2 diphosphorus tetrafluoride oxide
13812-07-2
F4ORe rhenium tetrafluoride oxide
17026-29-8
F4OS sulfur tetrafluoride oxide
13709-54-1
F4OW tungsten tetrafluoride oxide
13520-79-1
F4OXe xenon tetrafluoride oxide
13774-85-1
F4P2 diphosphorus tetrafluoride
13824-74-3
F4Pb lead tetrafluoride
7783-59-7
F4Pt platinum tetrafluoride
13455-15-7
F4Pu plutonium tetrafluoride
13709-56-3
F4S sulfur tetrafluoride
7783-60-0
F4SW tungsten tetrafluoride monosulfide
41831-80-5
F4Se selenium tetrafluoride
13465-66-2
F4Si silicon tetrafluoride
7783-61-1
F4Sn2 ditin tetrafluoride
130950-28-6
F4Ti titanium fluoride
7783-63-3
F4U uranium tetrafluoride
10049-14-6
F4W tungsten tetrafluoride
13766-47-7
F4Xe xenon tetrafluoride
13709-61-0
F4Zr zirconium tetrafluoride
7783-64-4
F5I iodine pentafluoride
7783-66-6
F5Mo molybdenum pentafluoride
13819-84-6
F5ORe rhenium monoxide pentafluoride
23377-53-9
F5P phosphorus pentafluoride
7647-19-0
F5Pu plutonium pentafluoride
31479-19-3
F5S sulfur pentafluoride
10546-01-7
F5Sb antimony pentafluoride
7783-70-2
F5Ta tantalum pentafluoride
7783-71-3
F5U uranium pentafluoride
13775-07-0
F5W tungsten pentafluoride
19357-83-6
F6Fe2 diiron hexafluoride
17114-45-3
F6La2 lanthanum trifluoride dimer
12592-31-3
F6Mo molybdenum hexafluoride
7783-77-9
F6NP3 nitridotriphosphorous hexafluoride
56564-56-8
F6Os osmium hexafluoride
13768-38-2
F6Pu plutonium hexafluoride
13693-06-6
F6Re rhenium hexafluoride
10049-17-9
F6S sulfur hexafluoride
2551-62-4
F6Se selenium hexafluoride
7783-79-1
F6Si2 hexafluorodisilane
13830-68-7
F6Sn3 tritin hexafluoride
12324-60-6
F6Te tellurium hexafluoride
7783-80-4
F6U uranium hexafluoride
7783-81-5
F6W tungsten hexafluoride
7783-82-6
F6Xe xenon hexafluoride
13693-09-9
F7I iodine fluoride
16921-96-3
F7NS pentafluorosulfanyldifluoroamine
13693-10-2
F7Re rhenium heptafluoride
17029-21-9
F8Si3 octafluorotrisilane
14521-14-3
F10Mo2 molybdenum fluoride
65653-18-1
F10S2 sulfur fluoride
5714-22-7
F15Mo3 molybdenum fluoride
65653-05-6
FeAsS iron arsenic sulfide
arsenopyrite
FeBr2 iron(II) bromide
7789-46-0
FeBr3 iron(III) bromide

FeBr3 • 6H2O iron(III) bromide hexahydrate

FeCO3 siderite

FeC2O4 iron oxalate

FeC5O5 iron pentacarbonyl
pentacarbonyl iron 13463-40-6
FeC10H10 ferrocene

FeCl3 iron(III) chloride
7705-08-0
FeCr2O4 chromite (ore)

FeF2 • 4H2O iron(II) fluoride tetrahydrate

FeI iron monoiodide
33019-21-5
FeI2 iron diiodide
iron(II) iodide 7783-86-0
FeI2 • 4H2O iron(II) iodide tetrahydrate

FeI3 iron(III) iodide

FeMoO4 iron(II) orthomolybdate

FeO iron monoxide
iron(II) oxide
wüstite 1345-25-1
FeO2 iron dioxide
12411-15-3
FeO2H goethite

FeO2H • nH2O limonite

FeO2H2 iron(II) hydroxide

FeO3H3 iron(III) hydroxide

FeO4S ferrous sulfate
7720-78-7
FeO8H4P2 iron(II) dihydrogen phosphate

FeP iron(III) phosphide

FeS iron sulfide
iron(II) sulfide 1317-96-0
FeS2 pyrite
fool's gold 1309-36-0
iron(IV) sulfide
marcasite
12068-85-8
FeSe iron(II) selenide

FeTe iron(II) telluride

FeTiO3 iron(II) metatitanate

FeVO4 iron(III) orthovanadate

FeWO4 iron(II) orthotungstate

FeZrO3 iron(II) metazirconate

Fe2I2 diiron diiodide
92785-64-3
Fe2I4 diiron tetraiodide
92785-63-2
Fe2O3 iron oxide
iron(III) oxide
hematite
1317-60-8
Fe2O3 venetian red
8011-97-0
Fe2O12S3 ferric sulfate
iron(III) sulfate 10028-22-5
Fe2O12W3 iron(III) orthotungstate

Fe2P diiron phosphide

Fe2SiO4 fayalite

Fe3H2Na2O45Si chrysotile
white asbestos 12001-28-4
Fe3O4 magnetite
triiron(II, III) tetraoxide 1309-38-2
Fe3P iron(tri) phosphide

Fe7Si8O24H2 amosite
brown asbestos
grunerite 12172-73-5
[edit] G
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
GaAs gallium(III) arsenide

GaAsO4 gallium(III) orthoarsenate

GaBr3 gallium(III) bromide
13450-88-9
Ga(C2H3O2)3 gallium(III) acetate

GaCl2 gallium(II) chloride
128579-09-9
GaCl3 gallium(III) chloride
13450-90-3
GaI2 gallium(II) iodide

GaI3 gallium(III) iodide
13450-91-4
GaN gallium(III) nitride

Ga(OH)3 gallium(III) hydroxide

GaPO4 gallium(III) orthophosphate

GaSb gallium(III) antimonide
12064-03-8
GaTe gallium(II) telluride
12024-14-5
Ga2O3 gallium(III) oxide
12024-21-4
Ga2(SO4)3•18H2O gallium(III) sulfate - octadecahydrate

Ga2S3 gallium(III) sulfide

Ga2Te3 gallium(III) telluride

GeBr4 germanium(IV) bromide
13450-92-5
GeH3COOH 2-germaacetic acid

GeI2 germanium(II) iodide
13573-08-5
GeI4 germanium(IV) iodide
13450-95-8
GeO germanium(II) oxide
20619-16-3
[edit] H
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
HBr hydrogen bromide
hydrobromic acid
10035-10-6
HCCH acetylene
ethylene
HCN hydrocyanic acid
hydrogen cyanide 6914-07-4
HCONH2 formamide
methanamide
HCOO− formate ion

HCOOH formic acid
methanoic acid
HCOONH4 ammonium formate

HCO3− hydrogen carbonate ion

HC3H5O3 lactic acid

HC5H5N+ pyridinium ion

HC6H7O6 ascorbic acid

HC9H7O4 acetylsalicylic acid

HC12H17ON4SCl2 thiamine hydrochloride
vitamin B1 hydrochloride
HCl hydrochloric acid
hydrogen chloride
7647-01-0
HClO hypochlorous acid
7790-92-3
HClO2 chlorous acid
13898-47-0
HClO3 chloric acid
7790-93-4
HClO4 perchloric acid
7601-90-3
HDO semiheavy water
water-d1 14940-63-7
HF hydrofluoric acid
7664-39-3
HI hydroiodic acid
10034-85-2
HIO3 iodic acid

HNO2 nitrous acid
7782-77-6
HNO3 nitric acid
hydrogen nitrate 7697-37-2
HN3 hydrazoic acid
7782-79-8
HOCl hypochlorous acid
7790-92-3
HOF hypofluorous acid
14034-79-8
HOOCCOOH oxalic acid

HPO42− hydrogen phosphate ion

HSO3− hydrogen sulfite ion

HSO4− hydrogen sulfate

HTO partially tritiated water
water-t 13670-17-2
H2 hydrogen
1333-74-0
H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile

H2CO formaldehyde
19710-56-6
H2CO3 carbonic acid
107-32-4
H2CSO sulfine
40100-16-1
H2C2O4 oxalic acid
144-62-7
H2C4H4O6 tartaric acid

H2C8H4O4 phthalic acid
H2Ph
H2CrO4 chromic acid

H2NCH2COOH glycine

H2NNH2 hydrazine

H2O water
7732-18-5
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
7722-84-1
H2PO4− dihydrogen phosphate ion

H2S hydrogen sulfide
hydrosulfuric acid 7783-06-4
H2SO3 sulfurous acid

H2SO4 sulfuric acid
hydrogen sulfate 7664-93-9
H2S2O7 disulfuric acid

H2S2O8 peroxydisulfuric acid

H2SeO3 selenous acid

H2SeO4 selenic acid

H2SiO3 silicic acid
7699-41-4
H2TeO3 tellurous acid

H2TiO3 titanic acid

H3AsO4 arsenic acid

H3CCH2CH3 propane

H3N+CH2COO− zwitterion

H3O+ hydronium ion

H3PO4 phosphoric acid
7664-38-2
H4XeO6 perxenic acid

H6TeO6 telluric acid

HfBr4 hafnium(IV) bromide
13777-22-5
HfF4 hafnium(IV) fluoride
13709-52-9
HfOCl2 • 8H2O hafnium(IV) oxychloride - octahydrate

HfOH(C2H3O2)3 hafnium(IV) acetate - basic

Hf(SO4)2 hafnium(IV) sulfate

Hg(BrO3)2 • 2H2O mercury(II) bromate - dihydrate

HgBr2 mercury(II) bromide
7789-47-1
Hg(C2H3O2)2 mercury(II) acetate

Hg(C7H5O2)2 • H2O mercury(II) benzoate - monohydrate

HgClO4 • 4H2O mercury(I) perchlorate - tetrahydrate

Hg(ClO4)2 • 3H2O mercury(II) perchlorate - trihydrate

HgCl2 mercury(II) chloride
7487-94-7
Hg(IO3)2 mercury(II) iodate

HgI2 mercury(II) iodide
7774-29-0
Hg(NO3)2 • H2O mercury(II) nitrate - monohydrate

HgO mercury(II) oxide
21908-53-2
HgS mercury(II) sulfide
cinnabar
Hg(SCN)2 mercury(II) thiocyanate

HgSe mercury(II) selenide

HgSeO3 mercury(II) selenite

HgTe mercury(II) telluride

HgTeO3 mercury(II) tellurite

HgWO4 mercury(II) tungstate

Hg2Br2 mercury(I) bromide
15385-58-7
Hg2Cl2 mercury chloride
10112-91-1
Hg2I2 mercury iodide
15385-57-6
Hg3(AsO4)2 mercury(II) orthoarsenate

[edit] I
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
IBr iodine(I) bromide
7789-33-5
IBr3 iodine(III) bromide

ICl iodine(I) chloride
7790-99-0
ICl3 iodine(III) chloride

IO3− iodate ion

I2 iodine
7553-56-2
I3− triiodide ion

InAs indium(III) arsenide

InBr indium(I) bromide
14280-53-6
InBrI2 indium(III) bromodiiodide

InBr2I indium(III) dibromoiodide

InBr3 indium(III) bromide
13465-09-3
InCl indium(I) chloride
13465-10-6
InCl2 indium(II) chloride

InCl3 indium(III) chloride
10025-82-8
InCl3•4H2O indium(III) chloride - tetrahydrate

InI indium(I) iodide
13966-94-4
In(IO3)3 indium(III) iodate

InI2 indium(II) iodide

InI3 indium(III) iodide
13510-35-5
In(NO3)3•4.5H2O indium(III) nitrate - tetrahemihydrate

In(OH)3 indium(III) hydroxide

InP indium(III) phosphide
22398-80-7
InPO4 indium(III) orthophosphate

InS indium(II) sulfide
12030-14-7
InSb indium(III) antimonide
1312-41-0
InTe indium(II) telluride
12030-19-2
In2O3 indium(III) oxide
1312-43-2
In2(SO4)3•H2O indium(III) sulfate - monohydrate

In2S3 indium(III) sulfide

In2Se3 indium(III) selenide

In2Te3 indium(III) telluride

[edit] K
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
KAlMg3Si3O12H2 phlogopite

KAlSi3O8 orthoclase
feldspar

KAl3Si3O12H2 muscovite
aluminosilicate

KAg(CN)2 potassium dicyanoargentate

KAu(CN)2 potassium dicyanoaurate(I)

KCN potassium cyanide
151-50-8
KC2H5O potassium ethoxide
917-58-8
KCl potassium chloride
7447-40-7
KCl • MgCl2 • 6H2O carnallite

KClo3sub>3 potassium chlorate
3811-04-9
KClO4 potassium perchlorate
7778-74-7
KF potassium fluoride
7789-23-3
KHCO3 potassium bicarbonate
potassium hydrogen carbonate
298-14-6
KHC4H4O6 potassium hydrogen tartrate
868-14-4
KHSO3 potassium hydrogen sulfite
potassium bisulfite
7773-03-7
KHSO4 potassium hydrogen sulfate

KI potassium iodide
7681-11-0
KIO3 potassium iodate
7758-05-6
KIO4 potassium metaperiodate
7790-21-8
KMnO4 potassium permanganate
7722-64-7
KNa potassium sodide
12056-29-0
KNO3 potassium nitrate

KO monopotassium monoxide
12401-70-6
KOH potassium hydroxide
1310-58-3
KO2 potassium superoxide
12030-88-5
KO3 potassium ozonide

KO4Re potassium perrhenate
10466-65-6
KSeCN potassium selenocyanate

KTaO3 potassium tantalate

K2CO3 potassium carbonate
potash 584-08-7
K2CrO4 potassium chromate
7789-00-6
K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate
7778-50-9
K2[CuCl4] potassium tetrachlorocuprate(II)

K2MoO4 potassium orthomolybdate
13446-49-6
K2MoS4 potassium thiomolybdate

K2Na2 dipotassium disodium
66459-14-1
K2O potassium oxide
12136-45-7
K2O2 potassium peroxide
17014-71-0
K2O3P potassium metaphosphate
7790-53-6
K2O3Si potassium silicate
10006-28-7
K2O4S dipotassium sulfate
10233-01-9
K2O4S potassium sulfate
7778-80-5
K2O7NS2 potassium nitrosodisulfonate
Fremy's salt
K2[PtBr6] potassium hexabromoplatinate(IV)

K2[Pt(CNS)6] potassium hexathiocyanoplatinate(IV)

K2[PtCl4] potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II)

K2[PtCl6] potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV)

K2S potassium sulfide
1312-73-8
K2SO4 potassium sulfate
7778-80-5
K2SeO3 potassium selenite

K2SeO4 potassium selenate

K2SnF4 • H2O potassium fluostannate monohydrate

K2TeO3 potassium tellurite

K2TeO4 potassium tellurate

K2TiO3 potassium metatitanate

K2VO4 potassium orthovanadate

K2ZrO3 potassium metazirconate

K3[Co(NO2)6] potassium hexanitrocobaltate(III)

K3[Fe(CN)6] potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
13746-66-2
K3O tripotassium monoxide
89091-89-4
K4[Fe(CN)6] potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
14459-95-1
K4O tetrapotassium monoxide
89091-88-3
KrClF krypton chloride fluoride
58098-83-2
[edit] L
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
LaCl3 lanthanum(III) chloride
10099-58-8
LaPO4 lanthanum(III) phosphate
14913-14-5
LaPO4•0.5H2O lanthanum(III) phosphate crystal - hemihydrate

Li(AlSi2O6) keatite

LiBr lithium bromide
7550-35-8
LiBr•2H2O lithium bromide - dihydrate

LiBrO3 lithium bromate

LiCN lithium cyanide

LiC2H5O lithium ethoxide

LiHSO4 lithium hydrogen sulfate

LiIO3 lithium iodate

LiNO3 lithium nitrate

LiNO3•H2O lithium nitrate - monohydrate

LiTaO3 lithium tantalate
lithium metatantalate
LiVO3•2H2O lithium metavanadate - dihydrate

Li2B4O7•5H2O lithium tetraborate - pentahydrate

Li2CrO4 lithium chromate

Li2CrO4•2H2O lithium chromate - dihydrate

Li2Cr2O7 lithium dichromate

Li2MoO4 lithium orthomolybdate
13568-40-6
Li2NbO3 lithium metaniobate

Li2SO4 lithium sulfate
10377-48-7
Li2SeO3 lithium selenite

Li2SeO4 lithium selenate

Li2SiO3 lithium metasilicate
10102-24-6
lithium orthosilicate

Li2TeO3 lithium tellurite

Li2TeO4 lithium tellurate

Li2TiO3 lithium metatitanate
12031-82-2
Li2WO4 lithium orthotungstate
13568-45-1
Li2ZrO3 lithium metazirconate

[edit] M
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
Mg(AlO2)2 magnesium aluminate

MgCO3 magnesium carbonate
magnesite
546-93-0
MgC2O4 magnesium oxalate

Mg(ClO3)2•xH2O magnesium chlorate - hydrate

MgCl2 magnesium chloride
7786-30-3
MgCrO4•5H2O magnesium chromate - pentahydrate

MgF2 magnesium fluoride
7783-40-6
MgI2 magnesium iodide
10377-58-9
MgMoO4 magnesium molybdate

MgNH4PO4•6H2O magnesium ammonium phosphate - hexahydrate

Mg(NO3)2•6H2O magnesium nitrate - hexahydrate

MgNaAl5(Si4O10)3(OH)6 montmorillonite (clay)

MgO magnesium oxide
magnesia
periclase
1309-48-4
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide
milk of magnesia

MgS magnesium sulfide
12032-36-9
MgSO4 magnesium sulfate
7487-88-9
MgSe magnesium selenide

MgSeO3 magnesium selenite

MgSeO4 magnesium selenate

MgSiO3 magnesium metasilicate
enstatite
13776-74-4
MgTiO3 magnesium metatitanate
12032-30-3
Mg(VO3)2 magnesium metavanadate

MgWO4 magnesium tungstate
13573-11-0
Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 amesite

Mg2P2O7 magnesium pyrophosphate

Mg2SiO4 forsterite
10034-94-3
Mg3As2 magnesium arsenide

Mg3Bi2 magnesium bismuthide

Mg3P2 magnesium phosphide

Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 chrysotile

Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2 talc

Mg3(VO4)2 magnesium orthovanadate

MnAs manganese(III) arsenide

MnBi manganese(III) bismuthide

MnBr2 manganese(II) bromide
13446-03-2
MnBr2•4H2O manganese(II) bromide - tetrahydrate

Mn(CHO2)2•2H2O manganese(II) formate - dihydrate

MnCO3 manganese(II) carbonate

MnCl2 manganese(II) chloride
7773-01-5
MnF2 manganese(II) fluoride
7782-64-1
MnI2 manganese(II) iodide

MnMoO4 manganese(II) orthomolybdate

Mn(NO3)2•4H2O manganese(II) nitrate - tetrahydrate

MnO manganese(II) oxide
1344-43-0
Mn(OH)2 manganese hydroxide

MnOOH manganite

MnO2 manganese dioxide
pyrolusite
1313-13-9
MnO4− permanganate ion

MnPb8(Si2O7)3 barysilate

MnS manganese sulfide
18820-29-6
MnTe manganese(II) telluride

MnZrO3 manganese(II) metazirconate

Mn2O3 manganese(III) oxide

Mn3As2 manganese(II) arsenide

Mn3O4 manganese(II,III) oxide
trimanganese tetroxide
hausmannite
Mn3P2 manganese(II) phosphide

Mn3Sb2 manganese(II) antimonide

MoBr2 molybdenum(II) bromide
13446-56-5
MoBr3 molybdenum(III) bromide
13446-57-6
MoCl2 molybdenum(II) chloride

MoCl3 molybdenum(III) chloride

MoCl5 molybdenum(V) chloride
10241-05-1
MoO2 molybdenum(IV) oxide
18868-43-4
MoO42− molybdate ion

MoS2 molybdenum sulfide
molybdenum disulfide
molybdenite 1317-33-5
Hg2Br2 mercury(I) bromide
mercury(i) bromide
[edit] N
2Na3
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
NH2− amide ion

NH2CH2CH2NH2 ethylenediamine

NH2CONH2 urea

NH2C6H4SO3H sulfanilic acid

NH2OH hydroxylamine

(NH2)2CO urea

NH3 ammonia
7664-41-7
NH4+ ammonium ion

(NH4)3N ammonium nitride

NH4Br ammonium bromide
12124-97-9
NH4CO2NH2 ammonium carbamate

NH4Cl ammonium chloride
12125-02-9
NH4ClO4 ammonium perchlorate
7790-98-9
NH4HS ammonium hydrosulfide

(NH4)H2AsO4 ammonium dihydrogen arsenate

NH4NO3 ammonium nitrate
6484-52-2
NH4OCONH2 ammonium carbamate

(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate
ceric ammonium nitrate
CAN
(NH4)3PO4 Ammonium Phosphate
DrDex also see sodium oxide :-)
(NH4)2CrO4 ammonium chromate

(NH4)2Hg(SCN)4 mercury(II) ammonium thiocyanate

(NH4)2[PtCl6] ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV)

(NH4)2[Pt(SCN)6] ammonium hexathiocyanoplatinate(IV)

(NH4)2SO4 ammonium sulfate

NI3 nitrogen triiodide

NO nitric oxide
nitrogen oxide
nitrogen(II) oxide 10102-43-9
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen(IV) oxide 10102-44-0
NO2− nitrite ion

NO2Cl nytril chloride
13444-90-1
NO3− nitrate ion

N2 nitrogen
7727-37-9
N2H4 hydrazine
302-01-2
N2O nitrous oxide
dinitrogen oxide
nitrogen(I) oxide 10024-97-2
N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide
nitrogen(III) oxide 10544-73-7
N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide
nitrogen(IV) oxide 10544-72-6
N2O5 dinitrogen pentaoxide
nitrogen(V) oxide 10102-03-1
N4H4 trans-tetrazene
54410-57-0
NaAlSi3O3 albite

NaAsO2 sodium metaarsenite

NaAu(CN)2 sodium dicyanoaurate(I)

Na2Cr2O7 • 2H2O Sodium dichromate dihydrate
10588-01-9
Na[B(NO3)4] sodium tetranitratoborate(III)

NaBr sodium bromide
7647-15-6
NaCN sodium cyanide
143-33-9
NaC6F5COO pentafluorobenzoate

NaC6H5COO sodium benzoate

NaCa2(Al5Si5O20) • 6H2O thomsonite

NaCl sodium chloride
rock-salt
halite 7647-14-5
NaH sodium hydride
7646-69-7
NaHCOO sodium formate

NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate
baking soda 144-55-8
NaI sodium iodide
7681-82-5
NaNH2C6H4SO3 sodium sulfanilate

NaNO3 sodium nitrate

NaNbO3 sodium metaniobate

NaNbO3 • 7H2O sodium metaniobate - heptahydrate

NaOH sodium hydroxide
1310-73-2
NaO2As(CH3)2 • 3H2O sodium salt of cacodylic acid

NaSeO3 sodium selenite

NaTaO3 sodium metatantalate

NaVO3 sodium metavanadate

Na2CO3 sodium carbonate
soda ash 497-19-8
Na2C2O4 sodium oxalate
62-76-0
Na2MoS4 sodium thiomolybdate

Na2O2 sodium peroxide
1313-60-6
Na2O sodium oxide
DrDex also see Ammonium Phosphate :-)
Na2S sodium monosulfide
1313-82-2
Na2SO4 sodium sulfate
salt cake 7757-82-6
Na2S2O3 sodium thiosulfate

Na2S2O5 sodium disulphite
7681-57-4
Na2S4 sodium tetrasulfide

Na2SeO4 sodium selenate

Na2TeO3 sodium tellurite

Na2TeO4 sodium tellurate

Na2TiO3 sodium metatitanate

Na2ZnO2 sodium zincate

Na2ZrO3 sodium metazirconate

Na3AlF6 cryolite
15096-52-3
Na3[Co(CO3)3] sodium tricarbonatocobaltate(III)

Na3VO4 sodium orthovanadate

Na4V2O7 sodium pyrovanadate

NbBr5 niobium(V) bromide
13478-45-0
NbCl3 niobium(III) chloride

NbCl5 niobium(V) chloride
10026-12-7
NbI5 niobium(V) iodide

Nb2O3 niobium(III) oxide

NdCl2 neodymium(II) chloride
neodymium dichloride 25469-93-6
NdI2 neodymium(III) iodide
neodymium diiodide
Nd(OH)3 neodymium hydroxide

Nd2O3 neodymium(III) oxide
dineodymium trioxide
NiAs nickel(III) arsenide

NiAsS nickel arsenic sulfide
gersdorffite
NiBr2 nickel(II) bromide
13462-88-9
NiBr2 • 3H2O nickel(II) bromide - trihydrate

NiBr2 • 6H2O nickel(II) bromide - hexahydrate

Ni(CO)4 nickel tetracarbonyl

NiC2O4 • 2H2O nickel(II) oxalate - dihydrate

NiCl2 nickel(II) chloride
7718-54-9
NiFe2O4 nickel(II) iron(III) oxide

NiI2 nickel(II) iodide

Ni(H2PO)2 • 6H2O nickel(II) hypophosphite - hexahydrate

NiMoO4 nickel(II) orthomolybdate

Ni(NO3)2 • 6H2O nickel(II) nitrate - hexahydrate

NiOOH nickel oxo-hydroxide

NiO nickel(II) oxide
1313-99-1
Ni(OH)2 nickel(II) hydroxide

NiS nickel(II) sulfide
millerite 16812-54-7
NiSO4 nickel sulfate

NiS2 nickel sulfide
12035-51-7
NiSe nickel(II) selenide

NiTiO3 nickel(II) metatitanate

Ni(VO3)2 nickel(II) metavanadate

NiWO4 nickel(II) orthotungstate

Ni2SiO4 nickel(II) orthosilicate

Ni3(PO4)2 nickel(II) orthophosphate

Ni3Sb2 nickel(II) antimonide

[edit] O
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
O2 oxygen
7782-44-7
O2− superoxide ion

O22− peroxide ion

OF2 oxygen difluoride
7783-41-7
O2F2 dioxygen difluoride
7783-44-0
OH− hydroxide ion

O3 ozone
10028-15-6
O3− ozonide ion

[edit] P
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
PH3 phosphine
7803-51-2
POCl3 phosphoryl chloride
10025-87-3
PO43− phosphate ion

P2I4 phosphorus(II) iodide

P2O74− pyrophosphate ion

P2S3 phosphorus(III) sulfide

P2Se3 phosphorus(III) selenide

P2Se5 phosphorus(V) selenide

P2Te3 phosphorus(III) telluride

P3N5 phosphorus(V) nitride
12136-91-3
P4O10 tetraphosphorus decaoxide
16752-60-6
Pb(CH3COO)2•3H2O lead acetate - trihydrate
PbCO3 lead carbonate
cerussite

Pb(C2H5)4 tetraethyllead

PbC2O4 lead oxalate

PbCrO4 lead chromate

PbF2 lead fluoride
7783-46-2
Pb(IO3)2 lead iodate

PbI2 lead(II) iodide
10101-63-0
PbNO3 lead nitrate

Pb(NO3)2 lead(II) nitrate
lead dinitrate
plumbous nitrate
Pb(N3)2 lead azide

PbO lead(II) oxide
litharge 1317-36-8
Pb(OH)2 plumbous hydroxide

Pb(OH)4 plumbic hydroxide
plumbic acid

Pb(OH)62− plumbate ion

PbO2 lead(IV) oxide
lead dioxide
1309-60-0
PbS lead sulfide
lead (II) sulfide
galena
1314-87-0
PbSO4 lead(II) sulfate
7446-14-2
Pb3(SbO4)2 lead antimonate

PtBr2 platinum(II) bromide

PtBr4 platinum(IV) bromide

PtCl2 platinum(II) chloride

PtCl4 platinum(IV) chloride

PtI2 platinum(II) iodide

PtI4 platinum(IV) iodide

[Pt(NH2CH2CH2NH2)3]Br4 tris(ethylenediamine)platinum(IV) bromide

[Pt(NH3)2(H2O)2Cl2]Br2 diamminediaquadichloroplatinum(VI) bromide

PtO2 platinum(IV) oxide
50417-46-4
PtS2 platinum(IV) sulfide

[edit] R
PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS| Rb2SeO3|| rubidium selenite||
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
RbAl(SO4)2•12H2O rubidium aluminium sulfate - dodecahydrate

RbBr rubidium bromide
7789-39-1
RbC2H3O2 rubidium acetate

RbCl rubidium chloride
7791-11-9
Rb2SeO4 rubidium selenate

Rb3C6H5O7•H2O rubidium citrate - monohydrate

[edit] S
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
SCN− thiocyanate

SF4 sulfur tetrafluoride

SF6 sulfur hexafluoride
2551-62-4
SOF2 thionyl difluoride
7783-42-8
SO2 sulfur dioxide
7446-09-5
SO2Cl2 sulfuryl chloride
7791-25-5
SO2F2 sulfuryl difluoride
2699-79-8
SO2OOH− peroxymonosulfurous acid (aqueous)

SO3 sulfur trioxide
7446-11-9
SO32− sulfite ion

SO42− sulfate ion

S2Br2 sulfur(II) bromide
71677-14-0
S2O32− thiosulfate ion

S2O72− disulfate ion

SbBr3 antimony(III) bromide
7789-61-9
SbCl3 antimony(III) chloride
10025-91-9
SbCl5 antimony(V) chloride
7647-18-9
SbI3 antimony(III) iodide
7790-44-5
SbPO4 antimony(III) phosphate

Sb2OS2 antimony oxysulfide
kermesite
Sb2O3 antimony(III) oxide
1309-64-4
Sb2O5 antimony(V) oxide

Sb2S3 antimony(III) sulfide
1345-04-6
Sb2Se3 antimony(III) selenide
1315-05-5
Sb2Se5 antimony(V) selenide

Sb2Te3 antimony(III) telluride

Sc2O3 scandium oxide
scandia
SeBr4 selenium(IV) bromide

SeCl selenium(I) chloride

SeCl4 selenium(IV) chloride
10026-03-6
SeOCl2 selenium(IV) oxychloride
7791-23-3
SeOF2 selenyl difluoride

SeO2 selenium(IV) oxide
7446-08-4
SeO42− selenate ion

SeTe selenium(IV) telluride
12067-42-4
SiBr4 silicon(IV) bromide
7789-66-4
SiC silicon carbide
409-21-2
SiCl4 silicon(IV) chloride
10026-04-7
SiH4 silane
7803-62-5
SiI4 silicon(IV) iodide
13465-84-4
SiO2 silicon(IV) oxide
silica
quartz 7631-86-9
SiO44− silicate ion

Si2O76− disilicate ion

Si3N4 silicon nitride
12033-89-5
Si6O1812− cyclosilicate ion

SnBrCl3 tin(IV) bromotrichloride

SnBr2 tin(II) bromide
10031-24-0
SnBr2Cl2 tin(IV) dibromodichloride

SnBr3Cl tin(IV) tribromochloride
14779-73-8
SnBr4 tin(IV) bromide
7789-67-5
SnCl2 tin(II) chloride
7772-99-8
SnCl2I2 tin(IV) dichlorodiiodide

SnCl4 tin(IV) chloride
7646-78-8
Sn(CrO4)2 tin(IV) chromate

SnI4 tin(IV) iodide
7790-47-8
SnO2 tin(IV) oxide
18282-10-5
SnO32− stannate ion

SnS tin(II) sulfide
1314-95-0
SnS2 tin(IV) sulfide

Sn(SO4)2•2H2O tin(IV) sulfate - dihydrate

SnSe tin(II) selenide
1315-06-6
SnSe2 tin(IV) selenide

SnTe tin(II) telluride
12040-02-7
SnTe4 tin(IV) telluride

Sn(VO3)2 tin(II) metavanadate

Sn3Sb4 tin(IV) antimonide

SrBr2 strontium bromide
10476-81-0
SrBr2•6H2O strontium bromide - hexahydrate

SrCO3 strontium carbonate

SrCl2 strontium chloride

SrC2O4 strontium oxalate

SrF2 strontium fluoride
7783-48-4
SrI2 strontium iodide
10476-86-5
SrI2•6H2O strontium iodide - hexahydrate

Sr(MnO4)2 strontium permanganate

SrMoO4 strontium orthomolybdate
13470-04-7
Sr(NbO3)2 strontium metaniobate

SrO strontium oxide
1314-11-0
SrSeO3 strontium selenite

SrSeO4 strontium selenate

SrTeO3 strontium tellurite

SrTeO4 strontium tellurate

SrTiO3 strontium metatitanate

[edit] T
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
T2O tritium oxide
tritiated water 14940-65-9
TaBr3 tantalum(III) bromide

TaBr5 tantalum(V) bromide

TaCl5 tantalum(V) chloride
7721-01-9
TaI5 tantalum(V) iodide

TaO3− tantalate ion

TcO4− pertechnetate ion

TeBr2 tellurium(II) bromide

TeBr2 tellurium(II) bromide

TeBr4 tellurium(IV) bromide

TeCl2 tellurium(II) chloride

TeCl4 tellurium(IV) chloride
10026-07-0
TeI2 tellurium(II) iodide

TeI4 tellurium(IV) iodide

TeO2 tellurium(IV) oxide
7446-07-3
TeO4− tellurate ion

TeY yttrium telluride
12187-04-1
Th(CO3)2 thorium carbonate
19024-62-5
Th(NO3)4 thorium nitrate
13823-29-5
TiBr4 titanium(IV) bromide
7789-68-6
TiCl2I2 titanium(IV) dichlorodiiodide

TiCl3I titanium(IV) trichloroiodide

TiCl4 titanium tetrachloride
7550-45-0
TiO2 titanium dioxide
rutile 1317-70-0
TiO32− titanate ion

TlBr thallium(I) bromide
7789-40-4
TlBr3 thallium(III) bromide

Tl(CHO2) thallium(I) formate

TlC2H3O2 thallium(I) acetate
563-68-8
Tl(C3H3O4) thallium(I) malonate

TlCl thallium(I) chloride
7791-12-0
TlCl3 thallium(III) chloride

TlF thallium(I) fluoride
7789-27-7
TlI thallium(I) iodide
7790-30-9
TlIO3 thallium(I) iodate

TlI3 thallium(III) iodide

TiI4 titanium(IV) iodide
7720-83-4
TiO(NO3)2 • xH2O titanium(IV) oxynitrate - hydrate

TlNO3 thallium(I) nitrate
10102-45-1
TlOH thallium(I) hydroxide

TlPF6 thallium(I) hexafluorophosphate
60969-19-9
TlSCN thallium thiocyanate

Tl2MoO4 thallium(I) orthomolybdate

Tl2SeO3 thallium(I) selenite

Tl2TeO3 thallium(I) tellurite

Tl2WO4 thallium(I) orthotungstate

Tl3As thallium(I) arsenide

[edit] U
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
UF4 uranium(IV) fluoride
10049-14-6
UF6 uranium(VI) fluoride
7783-81-5
[edit] V
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
VBr2 vanadium(II) bromide

VBr3 vanadium(III) bromide

VCl2 vanadium(II) chloride
10580-52-6
VCl3 vanadium(III) chloride
7718-98-1
VSO5 vanadium oxysulfate
27774-13-6
V2O3 vanadium(III) oxide
1314-34-7
V2O5 vanadium pentoxide
1314-62-1
V2O74− divanadate ion
pyrovanadate ion
[edit] W
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
WBr2 tungsten(II) bromide
13470-10-5
WBr3 tungsten(III) bromide
15163-24-3
WBr4 tungsten(IV) bromide
14055-81-3
WBr5 tungsten(V) bromide
13470-11-6
WBr6 tungsten(VI) bromide
13701-86-5
W(CO)6 tungsten(VI) carbonyl
14040-11-0
WCl2 tungsten(II) chloride
13470-12-7
WCl3 tungsten(III) chloride
20193-56-0
WCl4 tungsten(IV) chloride
13470-13-8
WCl5 tungsten(V) chloride
13470-14-9
WCl6 tungsten(VI) chloride
13283-01-7
WF4 tungsten(IV) fluoride
13766-47-7
WF5 tungsten(V) fluoride
19357-83-6
WF6 tungsten(VI) fluoride
7783-82-6
WI2 tungsten(II) iodide
13470-17-2
WI4 tungsten(IV) iodide
14055-84-6
WOBr3 tungsten(V) oxytribromide
20213-56-3
WOBr4 tungsten(VI) oxytetrabromide
13520-77-9
WOCl3 tungsten(V) oxytrichloride
14249-98-0
WOCl4 tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride
13520-78-0
WOF2 tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride
13520-79-1
WO2 tungsten(IV) oxide
12036-22-5
WO2Br2 tungsten(VI) dioxydibromide
13520-75-7
WO2Cl2 tungsten(VI) dioxydichloride
13520-76-8
WO2I2 tungsten(VI) dioxydiiodide
14447-89-3
WO3 tungsten(VI) oxide
1314-35-8
WO42− tungstate ion

WS2 tungsten(IV) sulfide
12138-09-9
WS3 tungsten(VI) sulfide
12125-19-8
WSe2 tungsten(IV) selenide
12067-46-8
WTe2 tungsten(IV) telluride
12067-76-4
W2C tungsten carbide
12070-13-2
[edit] X
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
XeF xenon(I) fluoride
16757-14-5
XeF2 xenon(II) fluoride
13709-36-9
XeF4 xenon(IV) fluoride
13709-61-0
XeF6 xenon(VI) fluoride
13693-09-9
XeO3 xenon(VI) oxide
13776-58-4
XeO4 xenon(VIII) oxide
12340-14-6
XeOF4 xenon oxytetrafluoride
13774-85-1
XeO2F2 xenon dioxydifluoride
13875-06-4
XeO64− perxenate ion

[edit] Y
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
YAs ytrrium arsenide
12255-48-0
YB6 yttrium boride
12008-32-1
YBr3 yttrium bromide
13469-92-2
YC2 yttrium carbide
12071-35-1
YCl3 ytrrium chloride
10361-92-9
YF3 yttrium fluoride
13709-49-4
YP yttrium phosphide
12294-01-8
YSb yttrium antimonide
12186-97-7
YVO4 yttrium vanadate
13566-12-6
Y2O3 yttria
yttrium oxide 1314-36-9
Y2S3 yttrium sulfide
12039-19-9
YbBr2 ytterbium(II) bromide
25502-05-0
YbBr3 ytterbium(III) bromide
13759-89-2
YbCl2 ytterbium(II)chloride
13874-77-6
YbCl3 ytterbium(III) chloride
10361-91-8
YbCl3•6H2O ytterbium(III) chloride hexahydrate
19423-87-1
YbF2 ytterbium(II) fluoride
15192-18-4
YbF3 ytterbium(III) fluoride
13760-80-0
YbI2 ytterbium(II) iodide
19357-86-9
YbI3 ytterbium(III) iodide
13813-44-0
YbSe ytterbium(II) selenide
12039-54-2
YbSi2 ytterbium(II) silicide
12039-89-3
Yb2O3 ytterbium(III) oxide
1314-37-0
Yb2S3 ytterbium(III) sulfide
12039-20-2
Yb2Se3 ytterbium(III) selenide
12166-52-8
YbTe ytterbium(II) telluride
12125-58-5
[edit] Z
Chemical formula Synonyms CAS number
Zn(AlO2)2 zinc aluminate

Zn(AsO2)2 zinc arsenite
10326-24-6
ZnBr2 zinc bromide
7699-45-8
Zn(CN)2 zinc cyanide
557-21-1
ZnCO3 zinc carbonate
3486-35-9
Zn(C8H15O2)2 zinc caprylate
557-09-5
Zn(ClO3)2 zinc chlorate
10361-95-2
ZnCl2 zinc chloride
7646-85-7
ZnCr2O4 zinc chromite
12018-19-8
ZnF2 zinc fluoride
7783-49-5
Zn(IO3)2 zinc iodate
7790-37-6
ZnI2 zinc iodide
10139-47-6
ZnMoO4 zinc orthomolybdate

Zn(NO2)2 zinc nitrite
10102-02-0
Zn(NO3)2 zinc nitrate
7779-88-6
Zn(NbO3)2 zinc metaniobate

ZnO zinc(II) oxide
zinc oxide 1314-13-2
ZnO2 zinc peroxide
1314-22-3
Zn(OH)2 zinc hydroxide
20427-58-1
Zn(OH)42− zincate ion

ZnS zinc sulfide
sphalerite 1314-98-3
Zn(SCN)2 zinc thiocyanate
557-42-6
ZnSO4 zinc sulfate
7733-02-0
ZnSb zinc antimonide
12039-35-9
ZnSe zinc selenide
1315-09-9
ZnSeO3 zinc selenite

ZnSnO3 zinc stannate

Zn(TaO3)2 zinc metatantalate

ZnTe zinc telluride
1315-11-3
ZnTeO3 zinc tellurite

ZnTeO4 zinc tellurate

ZnTiO3 zinc metatitanate

Zn(VO3)2 zinc metavanadate

ZnWO4 zinc orthotungstate

ZnZrO3 zinc metazirconate

Zn2P2O7 zinc pyrophosphate
7446-26-6
Zn2SiO4 zinc orthosilicate
13597-65-4
Zn3(AsO4)2 zinc arsenate
13464-44-3
Zn3As2 zinc arsenide

Zn3N2 zinc nitride
1313-49-1
Zn3P2 zinc phosphide
1314-84-7
Zn3(PO4)2 zinc phosphate
7779-90-0
Zn3Sb2 zinc antimonide

ZrB2 zirconium boride
12045-64-6
ZrBr4 zirconium bromide
13777-25-8
ZrC zirconium carbide
12020-14-3
ZrCl4 zirconium tetrachloride
10026-11-6
ZrF4 zirconium fluoride
7783-64-4
ZrI4 zirconium iodide
13986-26-0
ZrN zirconium nitride
25658-42-8
Zr(OH)4 zirconium hydroxide
14475-63-9
ZrO2 zirconium dioxide
baddeleyite
1314-23-4
ZrO32− zirconate ion

ZrP2 zirconium phosphide
12037-80-8
ZrS2 zirconium sulfide
12039-15-5
ZrSi2 zirconium silicide
12039-90-6
ZrSiO4 zirconium orthosilicate
10101-52-7
Zr3(PO4)4 zirconium phosphate

Nitric Acid - HNO3
Nitrous Acid - HNO2
Hypochlorous Acid - HClO
Chlorous Acid - HClO2
Chloric Acid - HClO3
Perchloric Acid - HClO4
Sulfuric Acid - H2SO4
Sulfurous Acid - H2SO3
Phosphoric Acid - H3PO4
Phosphorous Acid - H3PO3
Carbonic Acid - H2CO3
Acetic Acid - HC2H3O2
Oxalic Acid - H2C2O4
Boric Acid - H3BO3
Silicic Acid - H2SiO3
Bases
Sodium Hydroxide - NaOH
Potassium Hydroxide - KOH
Ammonium Hydroxide - NH4OH
Calcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2
Magnesium Hydroxide - Mg(OH)2
Barium Hydroxide - Ba(OH)2
Aluminum Hydroxide - Al(OH)3
Ferrous Hydroxide or Iron (II) Hydroxide - Fe(OH)2
Ferric Hydroxide or Iron (III) Hydroxide - Fe(OH)3
Zinc Hydroxide - Zn(OH)2
Lithium Hydroxide - LiOH
Hydrofluoric Acid - HF
Hydrochloric Acid - HCl
Hydrobromic Acid - HBr
Hydroiodic Acid - HI
Hydrosulfuric Acid - H2s

"Best selected chemistry paper"

2008-09-30T22:28:00.000-07:00

"What is DNA "?

2008-09-30T22:17:00.001-07:00

"KNOW ABOUT D.N.A"
DNA
DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1 million individual molecular lesions per cell per day. Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes. Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells after it undergoes mitosis. Consequently, the DNA repair process must be constantly active so it can respond rapidly to any damage in the DNA structure.
The rate of DNA repair is dependent on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment. A cell that has accumulated a large amount of DNA damage, or one that no longer effectively repairs damage incurred by its DNA, can enter one of three possible states: an irreversible state of dormancy, known as senescence; cell suicide, also known as apoptosis or programmed cell death; or unregulated cell division, which can lead to the formation of a tumor that is cancerous.

"Man Is Architect Of His Own Future"

2008-09-30T21:55:00.000-07:00

Most of us say that God, or destiny or whatever superior force may exist in this universe are that which make our future, that guide us throughout our futile existence.

I don't claim there isn't a force which guides us, which takes care of us, but the main element that helps us build up our future is our way of being. Our personality, our character, our way of perceiving reality and everything that surrounds us are the elements which may bring us to the top, or on the contrary, make us miserable.

It's simply your own choice if you don't want to study, to go to college, to have a career. It really doesn't matter if your parents threaten you, they punish you, scold you all the time. If you are stubborn and you think you know it all then all these are useless.

You are the one who decides what job to have, in what city or what country. It's your choice and your responsibility. The moment you get hurt or something goes wrong, you blame yourself, and you start everything from the very beginning.

You consider that you can't find your place in your own country, so you risk the comfortable but modest life you have living with your parents and you go abroad. Maybe there will be moments when you can't stand anymore the loneliness, the strangers around you, or your job. But you remember nobody made you take that decision, so you take a deep breath, and you go on, as it's very difficult to find a guilty person when you know it well you the only one to be blamed.

If you fall in love with a man from the very first moment you set your eyes on him and you don't want to meet somebody else, to see how they are it's your wish. If you get married and the marriage ends in a year's time, you can't blame the rest as they all had told you to be careful and never to take hasty decisions.

You play the lottery each day and there are two options: either you hit the jack pot and your life changes radically or you lose and you have to start it from the very beginning. On the contrary, it's well known that if you don't risk you can't win so the best solution is always to think over and over again your decisions, to see what they could represent in your future and only afterwards to make up your mind.

You are the only architech of your future. The rest are only workers who help you create your own dream.

"HOW FRIEDSHIP BREAK"

2008-09-27T01:30:00.000-07:00

"Learn How Friedship Break"

HOW FRIENDSHIP BREAK ?

Both Friends Will Think The Other Is Busy

And Will Not Contact Thinking It May Be Disturbing

As Time Passes

Both Will Think Let The OTher Contact

After That each Will Think Why I Should Contact First ?

Here Your Love Will Be Converted To Hate

Finally Without Contact The Memory Becomes Weak

They Forget Each Other.

So Keep In Touch With All And Pass This TO All Your Friends...
.
I Don`t Want To be One Of This Kind.

So Here I Am sending Mail To Every One

To Say

I Am Fine Here

Please keep in touch with me

"MATHS MODEL PAPER"

2008-09-27T01:04:00.000-07:00

"SOLVE THE FOLLOWING QUESTION"
Q1)solve for x and y
47x + 31y = 63
31x + 47y = 15 ans. x=2,y=-1
Q2) Aman sold a chair and table together for Rs.850 at a loss of 10% on the table and a gain on chair of 10%. on selling together of Rs. 950,he would made a gain of 10% on the table and 10% loss on the chair. find c.p. of each?
Q3)A's says to B "I am 5 times as old as you were;when i was as old as you are."The sum of their present ages is 64. find their present ages?
Q4)A men when asked how many hens and buffalos he has, he replied that his animals have 120 eyes and 180 legs. find number of hens and buffalos?
Q5)the larger angle of triangle is equal tothe sum of other two angles. the smallest angle is 1/4 of the larger angle. find the angles?
(you can send me answers on my id)
__________________________

Warm Regards
Himanshu Dwivedi

"MODERN PANCHATANTRA STORIES"

2008-09-27T00:59:00.000-07:00

Modern Panchtantra Story [ IT HUMOR ]

Once upon a time, there was a software engineer who used to develop
programs on his Pentium machine, sitting under a tree on the banks of a
river. He used to earn his bread by selling those programs in the Sunday
market.

One day, while he was working, his machine tumbled off the table and fell
in the river. Encouraged by the Panchatantra story of his childhood ( the
woodcutter and the axe )

He started praying to the River Goddess. The River Goddess wanted to test
him and so appeared only after one month of rigorous prayers. The engineer
told her that he had lost his computer in the river.

As usual, the Goddess wanted to test his honesty. She showed him a match
box and asked, "Is this your computer ?
" Disappointed by the Goddess' lack of computer awareness, the engineer
replied, " No."

She next showed him a pocket-sized calculator and asked if that was his.
Annoyed, the engineer said "No, not at all !!"

Finally, she came up with his own Pentium machine and asked if it was his.
The engineer, left with no option, sighed and said "Yes."

The River Goddess was happy with his honesty. She was about to give him all
three items, but before she could make the offer, the engineer asked her,
"Don't you know that you're supposed to show me some better computers
before bringing up my own ?"

The River Goddess, angered at this, replied, "I know that, you stupid
donkey! The first two things I showed you were the Trillennium and the
Billennium, the latest computers from IBM !". So saying, she disappeared
with the Pentium !!

Moral: If you're not up-to-date with technology trends, it's better to keep
your mouth shut and let people think you're a genius than to open your
mouth and remove all doubt.

Warm Regards

Himanshu dwivedi